wcc exam one questions and answer updated 2026

wcc exam one questions and answer
updated 2026
importantAsimilaritiesA-
AAnswerA1.Atime:AtheyAwereAcommittedAduringAtheAcourseAofAorAasAanAextensionAofAlegitimateA
workA
2.Alocation:AtheyAoccurredAinAaAworkAsetting
3.AoffenderArole:Aoffender(s)AservedAasAaAworker


termAwhiteAcollarAcrimeA-AAnswerA-largelyAanAacademicAorApublicAuseAtermA

-itAisAaAconceptAorAaAcategory


whoAcoinedAtheAtermA"whiteAcollarAcrime"?A-AAnswerAEdwinASutherlandAinA1939
-wasAinfluencedAbyAconflictAtheoristsAlikeAMarxA


-immoralitiesAofApower,Aprivileged,AandAwealthyAhaveArarelyAbeenAcriminalizedAinAtheApast
-
immoralitiesAofApowerfulAhaveAoftenAbeenArationalizedAorAexcusedAasAconsequencesAofAtheAcharacter
AandAnatureAofAcapitalistAsociety


whyAstudyAwhiteAcollarAcrimeA-AAnswerA-wccAisAaAseriousAproblemAinAourAsocietyA
-
moreAisAlostAtoAwccAthanAtraditionalApropertyAcrimesAlikeAburglaryA(thinkAvalueAandAconfidence/tru
st)
-
wccAoffensesAaffectAeveryoneA(BernieAMadoffAstoleAthousandsAofAclientsAandAcreatedAdistrustAinAsoci
etyAforAfinancialAinstitutions)


5AcostsAofAWhiteACollarACrimeA-AAnswerA1)AhardAtoAestimateA(lackAofAofficialAdata)

2)AdirectAfinancialAcostsA
-
FBIAestimatesAaboutA$500AbillionAannually,AcomparedAtoAaboutA$16AbillionAforApersonalApropertyAc
rimesA
3)AindirectAfinancialAcostsA
4)AphysicalAcostsA
5)AmoralAcostsA
-SutherlandA-AtheAlossAofAtrust

,WhiteACollarACrimeAvictimologyA-AAnswerA-
victimAprofileAisAextensive,AandAdiffuse,AandAhardAtoAidentifyA
-formsAofAvictimizationAoftenAdefinedAasA"accidents"AorA"disasters"A
-victimsAeitherAprimary,Asecondary,AorAtertiary


differencesAbetweenAprimary,Asecondary,AandAtertiaryAvictimsA-AAnswerA1)APrimaryA
-ApeopleAwhoAareAdirectlyAvictimizedA
2)ASecondaryA
-AorganizationsAthatAmayAbeAdirectlyAaffectedA
3)ATertiaryA
-moreAabstractAideasA-A"societyAisAaAvictim"


issuesAinAdeterminingAcriminalityAofAwhiteAcollarAcrimeA-AAnswerA-intentAorAwillfulAnegligenceA
-responsibilityA(liability)A
-timeAframeA
-extentAofAlossesA
-organizationsAasAvictimsA(size,Aimpersonality,AdivisionAofAlaborAmakeAvictimizingAeasier)
-sufferingA(economic,Aphysical,Apsychological)


5AresearchAstrategiesA-AAnswerA1)AsurveysA

2)AarchivalAresearchA
3)AfieldAresearchA
4)AexperimentsA
5)AcaseAstudies


surveysA-AAnswerA-canAbeAaimedAatAjusticeAofficials,AtheApublic,Avictims,AandAoffenders
-mayAprovideAinsightsAintoAdynamics,Acauses,AandAconsequencesAofAWCC


archivalAresearchA-AAnswerA-researchAusingArecordsAorAdatabasesAlikeAcaseArecords,Apre-
sentencingAreports,AmediaAreports,AandAcaseAdescriptionsA
-dataAisn'tAnecessarilyAcrimeAdata

, fieldAresearchA-AAnswerA-
strategiesAwhereAresearchersAenterAaAparticularAsettingAandAgatherAdataAthroughAtheirAobservations
AinAthoseAsettings
-ex:AresearcherA(stannard)AworkedAasAaAjanitorAtoAobserveAworkplaceAcrimesAinAaAnursingAhome


experimentsA-AAnswerA-
researchersAexamineAhowAtheApresenceAofAoneAvariableAproducesAanAoutcomeA
-ex:AstudiesArevealingAhowA"ethicalAworkAclimate"AmayAhaveAinfluencedAemployeeAtheftA
-notAusedAinAwcc/crimeAinAgeneralAveryAoftenAforAethicalAreasons


caseAstudiesA-AAnswerA-mostAcommonAresearchAstrategy

-
selectAaAparticularAcrime,AcriminalAevent,AorAotherAphenomenaAandAstudyAfeaturesAsurroundingAtheA
causesAandAconsequencesAofAthoseAspecificAcases/phenomenaA
-advantages:AlotsAofAspecificityA
-disadvantages:AdifficultyAinAgeneralizability


challengesAtoAdefiningAwhiteAcollarAcrimeA-AAnswerA-
noArealAconsensusAamongAscholars,Alegislatures,AregulatoryAagencies,Aand/orAtheAcriminalAjusticeAsy
stemAaboutAwhatAconstitutesAwcc
-wideArangeAofAtermsAforAactivitiesAclassifiedAasAwcc
-wideArangeAofAattributesA
-
importantAscholarly/policyAdebate:AnarrowAdefinitionsA(confinesAwhatsAincluded)AvsAdeliberateAambig
uityA(givesAmoreAleeway)


5AperspectivesAofAdefinitionA-AAnswerA1)AtheAcrimeAperspectiveA

2)Ahumanistic/moralisticA
3)ApoliticalAperspective
4)ApopularAperspective
5)AdevianceAperspective


theAcrimeAperspectiveAofAwccA-
AAnswerAviolationAofAsomeAlegalAstatuteAorAcriminalAcourtAfindingAthatAdoesANOTAincludeA

-involvesAforceAagainstApersonAorApropertyA
-directlyArelatesAtoAtheApossession,Asale,AorAdistributionAofAnarcoticsA
-directlyArelatesAtoAo.c.AactivitiesA