PNB 2265 Practical 1 Exam| Updated and
Reviewed 2026/2027| Questions and Answers
Illustrated in Diagrams (Brand New!!)
1. White pulp: ANS Dark-staining lymphatic tissue in spleen containing
lymphocytes.
2. Red pulp: ANS Pink-staining region that filters blood and removes old
rbcs in spleen
3. Central artery: ANS Artery located within white pulp.
4. PALS (periarteriolar lymphoid sheath): ANS T-cell region
surrounding central artery in white pulp.
5. Cortex (thymus: ANS Darker outer region with immature T cells.
6. Medulla (thymus): ANS Lighter inner region.
7. Hassall's corpuscles: ANS Swirled, pink circular structures found in
thymus medulla.
8. T lymphocytes (T cells): ANS Cells responsible for cell-mediated
immunity; mature in thymus.
9. Helper T cells (CD4): ANS Activate other immune cells.
10. Cytotoxic T cells (CD8): ANS Kill infected or abnormal cells
11. B lymphocytes (B cells): ANS Cells responsible for humoral
immunity; mature in bone marrow
,12. Plasma cells: ANS Activated B cells that secrete antibodies.
13. Memory B cells: ANS Long-lived cells that respond quickly upon re-
exposure.
14. Cell-mediated immunity: ANS Immune response involving T cells
destroying infected cells.
15. Humoral Immunity: ANS Immune response involving antibodies
produced by B cells.
16. ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay): ANS Laboratory
test used to detect antigens or antibodies using enzyme-linked
antibodies.
17. Direct ELISA: ANS Detects antigen using enzyme-linked primary
antibody.
18. Indirect ELISA: ANS Detects antibodies using enzyme-linked
secondary antibody.
19. Positive ELISA result: ANS Color change present.
20. Negative ELISA result: ANS No color change.
21. Steps of ELISA: ANS 1. Antigen attached to plate
2. Primary antibody added
3. Secondary antibody (if indirect) added
4. Substrate added
5. Color change measured
, 22. Blood: Function: ANS
a. Transportation of oxygen & nutrients
Removing cellular waste Components:
b. Formed elements
---- red blood cells
---- white blood cells
---- platelets
c. Extracellular matrix
---- plasma
23. Erythrocytes: ANS - red blood cells
a. Carry oxygen from lungs and deliver it to the body
24. Thrombocytes: ANS - platelets
a. Help form blood clots to slow or stop bleeding & to help wounds heal
25. Leukocytes: ANS - white blood cells
a. Protect against disease & illness
b. 5 types: ANS eosinophil, basophil, monocyte, neutrophil, lymphocyte
hemoglobin, called
26. Sickle cell anemia: ANS - A genetic disorder, it is crescent) shape,
caused by production of an abnormal type of
hemoglobin S, which delivers less oxygen to tissues and
causes erythrocytes to assume a sickle (or especially at
low oxygen concentrations
27. Infectious mononucleosis: ANS - viral disease
a. Increased production of monocytes & lymphocytes
28. Polycythemia: ANS - overproduction of rbcs
a. Result of bone marrow cancer
Reviewed 2026/2027| Questions and Answers
Illustrated in Diagrams (Brand New!!)
1. White pulp: ANS Dark-staining lymphatic tissue in spleen containing
lymphocytes.
2. Red pulp: ANS Pink-staining region that filters blood and removes old
rbcs in spleen
3. Central artery: ANS Artery located within white pulp.
4. PALS (periarteriolar lymphoid sheath): ANS T-cell region
surrounding central artery in white pulp.
5. Cortex (thymus: ANS Darker outer region with immature T cells.
6. Medulla (thymus): ANS Lighter inner region.
7. Hassall's corpuscles: ANS Swirled, pink circular structures found in
thymus medulla.
8. T lymphocytes (T cells): ANS Cells responsible for cell-mediated
immunity; mature in thymus.
9. Helper T cells (CD4): ANS Activate other immune cells.
10. Cytotoxic T cells (CD8): ANS Kill infected or abnormal cells
11. B lymphocytes (B cells): ANS Cells responsible for humoral
immunity; mature in bone marrow
,12. Plasma cells: ANS Activated B cells that secrete antibodies.
13. Memory B cells: ANS Long-lived cells that respond quickly upon re-
exposure.
14. Cell-mediated immunity: ANS Immune response involving T cells
destroying infected cells.
15. Humoral Immunity: ANS Immune response involving antibodies
produced by B cells.
16. ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay): ANS Laboratory
test used to detect antigens or antibodies using enzyme-linked
antibodies.
17. Direct ELISA: ANS Detects antigen using enzyme-linked primary
antibody.
18. Indirect ELISA: ANS Detects antibodies using enzyme-linked
secondary antibody.
19. Positive ELISA result: ANS Color change present.
20. Negative ELISA result: ANS No color change.
21. Steps of ELISA: ANS 1. Antigen attached to plate
2. Primary antibody added
3. Secondary antibody (if indirect) added
4. Substrate added
5. Color change measured
, 22. Blood: Function: ANS
a. Transportation of oxygen & nutrients
Removing cellular waste Components:
b. Formed elements
---- red blood cells
---- white blood cells
---- platelets
c. Extracellular matrix
---- plasma
23. Erythrocytes: ANS - red blood cells
a. Carry oxygen from lungs and deliver it to the body
24. Thrombocytes: ANS - platelets
a. Help form blood clots to slow or stop bleeding & to help wounds heal
25. Leukocytes: ANS - white blood cells
a. Protect against disease & illness
b. 5 types: ANS eosinophil, basophil, monocyte, neutrophil, lymphocyte
hemoglobin, called
26. Sickle cell anemia: ANS - A genetic disorder, it is crescent) shape,
caused by production of an abnormal type of
hemoglobin S, which delivers less oxygen to tissues and
causes erythrocytes to assume a sickle (or especially at
low oxygen concentrations
27. Infectious mononucleosis: ANS - viral disease
a. Increased production of monocytes & lymphocytes
28. Polycythemia: ANS - overproduction of rbcs
a. Result of bone marrow cancer
