PHGY 216 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED
ACCURATE ANSWERS
main functions of the kidney system (4) - Answers - regulate electrolytes, acid-base
control, regulation of high blood pressure, regulate blood volume
intracellular fluid - Answers - fluid within cells
- 2/3 of total body fluid
extracellular fluid - Answers - fluid surrounding cells
- 1/3 of total body fluid
- plasma (1/5), interstitial fluid (4/5), lymph, transcellular fluid
barriers between plasma and interstitial fluid - Answers - separated by blood vessel
walls
- at the level of the capillaries everything but proteins can freely exchange between the
plasma and the interstitial fluid
plasma and interstitial fluid - composition - Answers - identical except for proteins
(because they cant freely exchange)
- change in one of these compartments is reflected in the other
barriers between the intracellular fluid and the ECF - Answers - separated by the
plasma membrane that surrounds each cell
- ICF contains proteins that do no exchange with the ECF
- barrier does not allow the passive movement of ions --> unequal distribution across
the barrier
factors regulated to maintain fluid balance in the body - Answers - ECF volume + ECF
osmolarity
maintenance of fluid balance - ECF volume - Answers - regulated to maintain blood
pressure
- regulating salt balance also plays a role
maintenance of fluid balance - ECF osmolarity - Answers - regulated to prevent cells
from swelling or shrinking
ECF volume + blood pressure - Answers - ECF volume changes plasma volume
- ↑ ECF volume --> ↑ plasma volume --> ↑ arterial blood pressure
blood pressure controls (short and long term) - Answers - Short term --> baroreceptor
reflex, fluid shifts
Long term --> fluid input/output
,baroreceptor reflex - Answers - mechanoreceptors located in the carotid artery + the
aortic arch
- detect changes in arterial blood pressure
↓ pressure --> ↑ cardiac output + total peripheral resistance --> ↑ blood pressure
fluid shifts (short term blood pressure control) - Answers - ↓ plasma volume --> shift of
fluids out of the interstitial compartment to the plasma
what controls fluid input/output (long term pressure control) - Answers - input = thirst
mechanism
output = kidneys (urine output)
how does salt control ECF volume - Answers - when salt is transported across a
membrane water follows due to osmosis
- to maintain salt balance salt input and output must be equal
control of salt input - Answers - poor --> dependent on dietary salt
control of salt output - Answers - excess salt must be eliminated through feces, sweat
and the kidneys
- kidneys plays the greatest role
causes of hypotonicity (3) - Answers - renal failure --> cannot produce concentrated
urine
rapid water ingestion
over secretion of vasopressin --> promotes water retention
causes of hypertonicity (3) - Answers - insufficient water intake
vasopressin deficiency --> common with diabetes insipidus
excessive water loss --> sweating, vomiting, diarrhoea
hypothalamic osmoreceptors - Answers - monitor osmolarity of surrounding fluid -->
counteract any fluctuations in water balance
↑ osmolarity --> stimulate vasopressin secretion and thirst
vasopressin action - Answers - acts on the kidneys --> increases water absorption
thirst action - Answers - stimulates the intake of water
left atrial volume receptors - Answers - - monitor blood rpessure in left atrium
- greater than 7% loss in ECF volume and blood pressure stimulates hypothalamic
pathways that stimulate vasopressin release + thirst
kidney major functions (10) - Answers - - maintain water balance
- maintain osmolarity
, - maintain plasma volume
- acid base balance
- excrete wastes of metabolism
- regulate ECF solutes
- excrete foreign compounds
- produce erythropoietin
- produce renin
- activate vitamin D
components of the nephron - Answers - vascular --> supplies blood to the nephron
tubular --> carries filtrate throughout the nephron
what makes up the vascular component (5) - Answers - glomerulus --> capillary that
filters water + solutes
renal artery --> supplies blood
renal arterioles --> branches of renal artery, each supply a nephron
efferent arterioles --> transport unfiltered blood from the glomerulus
peritubular capillaries --> branches of efferent arterioles, deliver oxygen to renal tissues
what makes up the tubular component - Answers - bowmans capsule (encircles
glomerulus, collects filtered fluid) --> proximal tubule --> loop of henle (descending then
ascending (passes through juxtaglomerular apparatus) limbs) --> distal tubule -->
collecting duct --> renal pelvis
juxtaglomerular apparatus - Answers - the fork of the afferent + efferent arteries
portions of the tubular component in the medulla - Answers - loop of henle dips down
into the medulla + the collecting duct
portions of the tubular component in the cortex - Answers - proximal tubule,
juxtaglomerular apparatus, distal tubule (almost entirely)
types of nephrons - Answers - cortical and juxtamedullary
cortical nephrons - Answers –
ACCURATE ANSWERS
main functions of the kidney system (4) - Answers - regulate electrolytes, acid-base
control, regulation of high blood pressure, regulate blood volume
intracellular fluid - Answers - fluid within cells
- 2/3 of total body fluid
extracellular fluid - Answers - fluid surrounding cells
- 1/3 of total body fluid
- plasma (1/5), interstitial fluid (4/5), lymph, transcellular fluid
barriers between plasma and interstitial fluid - Answers - separated by blood vessel
walls
- at the level of the capillaries everything but proteins can freely exchange between the
plasma and the interstitial fluid
plasma and interstitial fluid - composition - Answers - identical except for proteins
(because they cant freely exchange)
- change in one of these compartments is reflected in the other
barriers between the intracellular fluid and the ECF - Answers - separated by the
plasma membrane that surrounds each cell
- ICF contains proteins that do no exchange with the ECF
- barrier does not allow the passive movement of ions --> unequal distribution across
the barrier
factors regulated to maintain fluid balance in the body - Answers - ECF volume + ECF
osmolarity
maintenance of fluid balance - ECF volume - Answers - regulated to maintain blood
pressure
- regulating salt balance also plays a role
maintenance of fluid balance - ECF osmolarity - Answers - regulated to prevent cells
from swelling or shrinking
ECF volume + blood pressure - Answers - ECF volume changes plasma volume
- ↑ ECF volume --> ↑ plasma volume --> ↑ arterial blood pressure
blood pressure controls (short and long term) - Answers - Short term --> baroreceptor
reflex, fluid shifts
Long term --> fluid input/output
,baroreceptor reflex - Answers - mechanoreceptors located in the carotid artery + the
aortic arch
- detect changes in arterial blood pressure
↓ pressure --> ↑ cardiac output + total peripheral resistance --> ↑ blood pressure
fluid shifts (short term blood pressure control) - Answers - ↓ plasma volume --> shift of
fluids out of the interstitial compartment to the plasma
what controls fluid input/output (long term pressure control) - Answers - input = thirst
mechanism
output = kidneys (urine output)
how does salt control ECF volume - Answers - when salt is transported across a
membrane water follows due to osmosis
- to maintain salt balance salt input and output must be equal
control of salt input - Answers - poor --> dependent on dietary salt
control of salt output - Answers - excess salt must be eliminated through feces, sweat
and the kidneys
- kidneys plays the greatest role
causes of hypotonicity (3) - Answers - renal failure --> cannot produce concentrated
urine
rapid water ingestion
over secretion of vasopressin --> promotes water retention
causes of hypertonicity (3) - Answers - insufficient water intake
vasopressin deficiency --> common with diabetes insipidus
excessive water loss --> sweating, vomiting, diarrhoea
hypothalamic osmoreceptors - Answers - monitor osmolarity of surrounding fluid -->
counteract any fluctuations in water balance
↑ osmolarity --> stimulate vasopressin secretion and thirst
vasopressin action - Answers - acts on the kidneys --> increases water absorption
thirst action - Answers - stimulates the intake of water
left atrial volume receptors - Answers - - monitor blood rpessure in left atrium
- greater than 7% loss in ECF volume and blood pressure stimulates hypothalamic
pathways that stimulate vasopressin release + thirst
kidney major functions (10) - Answers - - maintain water balance
- maintain osmolarity
, - maintain plasma volume
- acid base balance
- excrete wastes of metabolism
- regulate ECF solutes
- excrete foreign compounds
- produce erythropoietin
- produce renin
- activate vitamin D
components of the nephron - Answers - vascular --> supplies blood to the nephron
tubular --> carries filtrate throughout the nephron
what makes up the vascular component (5) - Answers - glomerulus --> capillary that
filters water + solutes
renal artery --> supplies blood
renal arterioles --> branches of renal artery, each supply a nephron
efferent arterioles --> transport unfiltered blood from the glomerulus
peritubular capillaries --> branches of efferent arterioles, deliver oxygen to renal tissues
what makes up the tubular component - Answers - bowmans capsule (encircles
glomerulus, collects filtered fluid) --> proximal tubule --> loop of henle (descending then
ascending (passes through juxtaglomerular apparatus) limbs) --> distal tubule -->
collecting duct --> renal pelvis
juxtaglomerular apparatus - Answers - the fork of the afferent + efferent arteries
portions of the tubular component in the medulla - Answers - loop of henle dips down
into the medulla + the collecting duct
portions of the tubular component in the cortex - Answers - proximal tubule,
juxtaglomerular apparatus, distal tubule (almost entirely)
types of nephrons - Answers - cortical and juxtamedullary
cortical nephrons - Answers –
