PHGY 216 EXAM QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED
ACCURATE ANSWERS
Short term control of ECF volume - Answers - baroreceptor reflex
Fluid shifts
What is in the ECF - Answers - plasma, interstitial fluid, lymph, transcellular fluid
Baroreceptor reflex - Answers - Mechanoreceptors that detect changes in pressure,
they increase CO and TPR
Fluid shifts - Answers - the movement of fluid from the interstitial compartment to the
plasma
Isotonic - Answers - the extracellular fluid that had a similar concentration of ions
relative to the concentration of ions within cells.
What increases GFR - Answers - increased glomerular capillary blood pressure
What decreases GFR - Answers - oncotic pressure (from proteins)
Increased Bowman's capsule hydrostatic pressure
Decreased pressure in the afferent arterioles
Long term control of ECF - Answers - fluid input/output
Fluid input/output - Answers - thirst mechanism, urine control
Hypotonic - Answers - low osmolarity
Cells swell
Low solute in solution
Causes of hypotonic - Answers - renal failure, rapid water ingestion, over secretion of
vasopressin
Hypertonic - Answers - high osmolarity
High solute in solution
Cells shrink
Causes of hypertonic - Answers - insufficient water intake
Diabetes insipidus (deficiency in vasopressin)
Extreme H2) loss
Hypothalamic osmoreceptors - Answers - sense ECF solute concentration and regulate
vasopressin and thirst accordingly
, In which section of the nephron is the majority of Na+ reabsorbed? - Answers - Proximal
tubule
Activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system will have what effect - Answers -
Increase Na+ reabsorption
In a normal, healthy individual, how much glucose is reabsorbed by the kidneys? -
Answers - 100%
Chloride is not actively regulated by the kidneys. How then is it reabsorbed? - Answers -
It follows Na+ reabsorption
For substances that are filtered but neither reabsorbed nor secreted, the plasma
clearance is: - Answers - The glomerular filtration rate
Vascular component - Answers - supplies blood to nephron
Tubular component - Answers - carries the filtrate throughout the nephron
Flow of blood - Answers - Renal artery, afferent arteriole, glomerulus, efferent arteriole,
peritubular capillaries and vasa recta, renal vein
Flow of solutes - Answers - bowman's capsule, proximal tubule, loop, distal tubule,
collecting duct, renal pelvis
Juxtamedullary nephrons - Answers - inner layer of cortex
Dilutes/concentrates urine
Vasa recta
Cortical nephrons - Answers - Glomeruli in outer cortex
Short loops of Henle dip only into outer medulla
80%
Secretory and regulatory functions
GFR - Answers - 125 ml/min
Are there proteins in the glomeruli filtrate - Answers - not normally
Layers of glomerular membrane - Answers - 1. Glomerular capillary wall
2. Basement membrane
3. Inner layer of Bowman's capsule
What is GFR dependent on? - Answers - glomerular SA and how permeable the
membrane is and filtration pressure
ACCURATE ANSWERS
Short term control of ECF volume - Answers - baroreceptor reflex
Fluid shifts
What is in the ECF - Answers - plasma, interstitial fluid, lymph, transcellular fluid
Baroreceptor reflex - Answers - Mechanoreceptors that detect changes in pressure,
they increase CO and TPR
Fluid shifts - Answers - the movement of fluid from the interstitial compartment to the
plasma
Isotonic - Answers - the extracellular fluid that had a similar concentration of ions
relative to the concentration of ions within cells.
What increases GFR - Answers - increased glomerular capillary blood pressure
What decreases GFR - Answers - oncotic pressure (from proteins)
Increased Bowman's capsule hydrostatic pressure
Decreased pressure in the afferent arterioles
Long term control of ECF - Answers - fluid input/output
Fluid input/output - Answers - thirst mechanism, urine control
Hypotonic - Answers - low osmolarity
Cells swell
Low solute in solution
Causes of hypotonic - Answers - renal failure, rapid water ingestion, over secretion of
vasopressin
Hypertonic - Answers - high osmolarity
High solute in solution
Cells shrink
Causes of hypertonic - Answers - insufficient water intake
Diabetes insipidus (deficiency in vasopressin)
Extreme H2) loss
Hypothalamic osmoreceptors - Answers - sense ECF solute concentration and regulate
vasopressin and thirst accordingly
, In which section of the nephron is the majority of Na+ reabsorbed? - Answers - Proximal
tubule
Activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system will have what effect - Answers -
Increase Na+ reabsorption
In a normal, healthy individual, how much glucose is reabsorbed by the kidneys? -
Answers - 100%
Chloride is not actively regulated by the kidneys. How then is it reabsorbed? - Answers -
It follows Na+ reabsorption
For substances that are filtered but neither reabsorbed nor secreted, the plasma
clearance is: - Answers - The glomerular filtration rate
Vascular component - Answers - supplies blood to nephron
Tubular component - Answers - carries the filtrate throughout the nephron
Flow of blood - Answers - Renal artery, afferent arteriole, glomerulus, efferent arteriole,
peritubular capillaries and vasa recta, renal vein
Flow of solutes - Answers - bowman's capsule, proximal tubule, loop, distal tubule,
collecting duct, renal pelvis
Juxtamedullary nephrons - Answers - inner layer of cortex
Dilutes/concentrates urine
Vasa recta
Cortical nephrons - Answers - Glomeruli in outer cortex
Short loops of Henle dip only into outer medulla
80%
Secretory and regulatory functions
GFR - Answers - 125 ml/min
Are there proteins in the glomeruli filtrate - Answers - not normally
Layers of glomerular membrane - Answers - 1. Glomerular capillary wall
2. Basement membrane
3. Inner layer of Bowman's capsule
What is GFR dependent on? - Answers - glomerular SA and how permeable the
membrane is and filtration pressure
