PNB 2265 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE QUESTIONS WITH ACCURATE ANSWERS 2026 – 2027 .

PNB 2265 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE QUESTIONS
WITH ACCURATE ANSWERS 2026 – 2027 .


What is true about the breakdown of red blood cells? - Correct Answer ->> Iron is carried
through the plasma by transferrin


>> Bilirubin is excreted in the urine


>> Bilirubin is excreted in the bile


>> Iron is carried through the plasma by transferrin


Adult hemoglobin is composed of what components? - Correct Answer ->> four heme groups


>> two beta subunits


>> two alpha subunits


Infant hemoglobin is composed of what components? - Correct Answer ->> four heme
groups


>> two alpha subunits


>> two gamma subunits


What is hemoglobinuria characterized by? - Correct Answer -Large amounts of hemoglobin
being expected in the urine


What kinds of cells are agranulocytes? - Correct Answer ->> Lymphocytes
>> Monocytes



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,The most abundant leukocytes are ________ & the least abundant are ________ - Correct
Answer -Neutrophil & Basophil


What is true about hemolytic disease? - Correct Answer ->> It is caused by anti-D antibodies
crossing the placenta


>> occurs in a woman with AB- blood


>> Red blood cells in the fetus are being attacked by IgG antibodies from the mother


What is true about myeloid stem cells? - Correct Answer ->> stimulation by EPO causes
them to differentiate into proerythroblasts


>> they have ribosomes


>> they have a nucleus


Where does Erythropoietin come from? - Correct Answer -The kidney, to increase RBC
production


In the process of hemostasis, what is Factor-X function? - Correct Answer -Activates a
sequence of enzymatic reactions that produce the coagulation phase of hemostasis


In the process of hemostasis, what is Tissue Factor's function? - Correct Answer -Serves as
the entry point to the extrinsic pathway


In the process of hemostasis, what is the function of Thrombin? - Correct Answer -Converts
Fibrinogen to Fibrin


In the process of hemostasis, what is the function of Collagen? - Correct Answer -Serves as
the starting point of the intrinsic pathway- activates inactive clotting factors when blood leaks
from the blood vessel


What is hemostasis? - Correct Answer -The process of stopping blood loss
2

, What are the phases of hemostasis? - Correct Answer -1. Vascular spasm
2. Platelet phase
3. Coagulation


How is Thrombin formed? - Correct Answer -Either by the extrinsic or intrinsic pathways


How is the extrinsic pathway initiated? - Correct Answer -Via tissue factors that come from
damaged endothelial cells and then goes to the common pathway to form thrombin


How is the intrinsic pathway initiated? - Correct Answer -Via collagen that activated clotting
factors when blood leaks from blood vessels and then goes to common pathway to form
thrombin


What happens in the vascular spasm phase of hemostasis? - Correct Answer -Damaged blood
vessel constricts to minimize blood flow and releases a damage signal


What happens in the platelet phase of hemostasis? - Correct Answer ->> Platelet become
activated
>> Platelet become sticky via adhesion
>> Platelet sends out signals to attract more platelets (aggregation)
>> Platelet forms plug to stop the bleeding
>> Platelet assists in clot formation by being activated by ADP & Thromboxane


What happens in the coagulation phase of hemostasis? - Correct Answer -Fibrin is formed
from fibrinogen via the thrombin enzyme that is sent from the platelets


Which antibodies would normally be present in a man with type O negative blood? - Correct
Answer -Anti-A antibodies
Anti-B antibodies


What is true about platelets? - Correct Answer ->> they are cell fragments found in higher
abundance than Leukocytes


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