PNB 2265 RENAL SYSTEM 2 QUIZZES WITH
ACCURATE ANSWERS | GRADED A+ .
What are the sources of water gain and loss in humans? - Correct Answer --Gain: liquids,
food, and produced metabolically
-Loss: insensible loss through skin and lungs, sweat, feces, urine
What is meant by "insensible"? - Correct Answer -Cannot be regulated or prevented
What can cause severe water loss, NaCl loss, and loss of both? - Correct Answer --Water
loss: Vomiting and diarrhea
-NaCl loss: vomiting, diarrhea, sweating
-Both: hemorrhage
What are the sources of NaCl gain and loss in humans? - Correct Answer --Gain: food
-Loss: sweat, feces, urine
What is the equation for normal regulation of water and salt? - Correct Answer -Nacl loss +
water loss = NaCl gain + water gain
Define diuresis and antidiuresis. - Correct Answer --Diuresis: excreting more water in urine
than normal
-Antidiuresis: excreting less water in urine than normal to conserve it
What is the main function of ADH? - Correct Answer -Controls water reabsorption in the late
distal tubule and the collecting duct, thus controlling blood volume and blood pressure
Where is ADH produced and released? What causes its secretion? - Correct Answer --
Produced in the supraoptic nuclei of the hypothalamus, released by the posterior pituitary.
ADH is secreted in response to increased osmolarity of the extracellular fluid (blood) that is
sensed by osmoreceptors. ADH is also secreted in response to a decrease in MAP (because if
there is a high concentration, there is a low volume)
1
, An increase in ECF osmolarity (increases/decreases) osmoreceptor firing frequency and
speed. This, in turn, (stimulates/inhibits) ADH release from the posterior pituitary. Give an
example of when this would occur. - Correct Answer -Increases, stimulates. This would occur
if you were dehydrated, when the blood would be highly concentrated.
Once ADH enters the bloodstream and reaches its target organ, what happens? - Correct
Answer -It reaches the late distal tubule and the collecting duct, and binds to it's receptors.
This creates a cAMP mechanism, which causes phosphorylation of proteins and
phosphorylation of the channel. The channel is moved and inserted into the membrane,
making the membrane permeable to water.
When the membrane of the collecting duct becomes permeable to water, which way does the
water flow? - Correct Answer -Out of the tubule into the interstitial space to be reabsorbed by
the blood.
A decrease in ECF osmolarity (increases/decreases) osmoreceptor firing frequency and
speed. This, in turn, (stimulates/inhibits) ADH release from the posterior pituitary. Give an
example of when this would occur. - Correct Answer -Decreases, inhibits. This would occur
if you drank a lot of water, thus diluting the blood.
If ADH is not released from the posterior pituitary, the aquaporins (are/are not) inserted into
the membrane, thus the membrane is (permeable/impermeable) to water. - Correct Answer -
are not, impermeable.
What is the primary active transport process in all nephron segments that is often used to
transport items such as glucose? What is this coupled to? - Correct Answer -Na reabsorption.
Coupled to water reabsorption because water follows Na (as long as the membrane is water
permeable)
Responses controlling Na excretion are initiated primarily by what two things? - Correct
Answer --Cardiovascular baroreceptors
-Sensors in the kidney that monitor filtered load of NA (JG and macula densa cells)
What is RAAS and what is its function? - Correct Answer -The renin angiotensin aldosterone
system functions to control blood pressure (especially if there is a problem such as a
hemorrhage)
2
ACCURATE ANSWERS | GRADED A+ .
What are the sources of water gain and loss in humans? - Correct Answer --Gain: liquids,
food, and produced metabolically
-Loss: insensible loss through skin and lungs, sweat, feces, urine
What is meant by "insensible"? - Correct Answer -Cannot be regulated or prevented
What can cause severe water loss, NaCl loss, and loss of both? - Correct Answer --Water
loss: Vomiting and diarrhea
-NaCl loss: vomiting, diarrhea, sweating
-Both: hemorrhage
What are the sources of NaCl gain and loss in humans? - Correct Answer --Gain: food
-Loss: sweat, feces, urine
What is the equation for normal regulation of water and salt? - Correct Answer -Nacl loss +
water loss = NaCl gain + water gain
Define diuresis and antidiuresis. - Correct Answer --Diuresis: excreting more water in urine
than normal
-Antidiuresis: excreting less water in urine than normal to conserve it
What is the main function of ADH? - Correct Answer -Controls water reabsorption in the late
distal tubule and the collecting duct, thus controlling blood volume and blood pressure
Where is ADH produced and released? What causes its secretion? - Correct Answer --
Produced in the supraoptic nuclei of the hypothalamus, released by the posterior pituitary.
ADH is secreted in response to increased osmolarity of the extracellular fluid (blood) that is
sensed by osmoreceptors. ADH is also secreted in response to a decrease in MAP (because if
there is a high concentration, there is a low volume)
1
, An increase in ECF osmolarity (increases/decreases) osmoreceptor firing frequency and
speed. This, in turn, (stimulates/inhibits) ADH release from the posterior pituitary. Give an
example of when this would occur. - Correct Answer -Increases, stimulates. This would occur
if you were dehydrated, when the blood would be highly concentrated.
Once ADH enters the bloodstream and reaches its target organ, what happens? - Correct
Answer -It reaches the late distal tubule and the collecting duct, and binds to it's receptors.
This creates a cAMP mechanism, which causes phosphorylation of proteins and
phosphorylation of the channel. The channel is moved and inserted into the membrane,
making the membrane permeable to water.
When the membrane of the collecting duct becomes permeable to water, which way does the
water flow? - Correct Answer -Out of the tubule into the interstitial space to be reabsorbed by
the blood.
A decrease in ECF osmolarity (increases/decreases) osmoreceptor firing frequency and
speed. This, in turn, (stimulates/inhibits) ADH release from the posterior pituitary. Give an
example of when this would occur. - Correct Answer -Decreases, inhibits. This would occur
if you drank a lot of water, thus diluting the blood.
If ADH is not released from the posterior pituitary, the aquaporins (are/are not) inserted into
the membrane, thus the membrane is (permeable/impermeable) to water. - Correct Answer -
are not, impermeable.
What is the primary active transport process in all nephron segments that is often used to
transport items such as glucose? What is this coupled to? - Correct Answer -Na reabsorption.
Coupled to water reabsorption because water follows Na (as long as the membrane is water
permeable)
Responses controlling Na excretion are initiated primarily by what two things? - Correct
Answer --Cardiovascular baroreceptors
-Sensors in the kidney that monitor filtered load of NA (JG and macula densa cells)
What is RAAS and what is its function? - Correct Answer -The renin angiotensin aldosterone
system functions to control blood pressure (especially if there is a problem such as a
hemorrhage)
2
