CHM 090 Unit 1 (Chapters 1-4 in Atoms First by Mark Bishop) Certification Review Exam Questions With 100% Verified Answers

Chemistry - correct answers The study of the structure and behavior of matter. Value - correct answers A number and unit that together represent the result of a measurement or calculation. The distance of a particular race, for example, may be reported as a value of 100 meters. Unit - correct answers A defined quantity based on a standard. For example, in the value 100 meters, meters is the unit. Base Units - correct answers The seven units from which all other units in the SI system of measurements are derived Mass - correct answers The amount of matter in an object. Mass can also be defined as the property of matter that leads to gravitational attractions between objects and therefore gives rise to weight. Weight - correct answers A measure of the force of gravitational attraction between an object and a significantly large object, such as the earth or the moon. Matter - correct answers Anything that has mass and occupies space. Absolute zero - correct answers Zero Kelvins (0 K), the lowest possible temperature, equivalent to -273.15 C. It is the point beyond which motion can no longer be decreased. Precision - correct answers The closeness in value of a series of measurements of the same entity. The closer the values of the measurements the more precise they are. Accuracy - correct answers How closely a measured value approaches the true value of a property Unit Analysis - correct answers A general technique for doing unit conversions Conversion Factor - correct answers A ratio that describes the relationship between two units. Significant Figures - correct answers The number of meaningful digits in a value. The number of significant figures in a value reflects the value's degree of uncertainty. A larger number of significant figures indicates a smaller degree of uncertainty. Mass Density - correct answers Mass divided by volume (usually called density) M/V=D Model - correct answers A simplified approximation of reality. Solid - correct answers The state in which a substance has a definite shape and volume at a constant temperature. Liquid - correct answers The state in which a substance has a constant volume at a constant temperature, but can change its shape. Gas - correct answers The state in which a substance can easily change shape and volume. Evaporation or Vaporization - correct answers The conversion of a liquid to a gas. Element - correct answers A substance that cannot be chemically converted into a simpler substance; a substance in which all atoms have the same number of protons and therefore the same chemical characteristics. Group - correct answers All the elements in a given column on the periodic table; also called a family. Family - correct answers All the elements in a given column on the periodic table; also called a group. Metal - correct answers The elements that (1) have a metallic luster, (2) Conduct heat and electric currents well, and (3) are malleable. Malleable - correct answers Capable of being extended or shaped by the blows of a hammer. Nonmetals - correct answers The elements that do not have the characteristics of metals. Some of the nonmetals are gases at room temperature and pressure, some are solids, and one is a liquid. Various colors and textures occur among the nonmetals. Metalloids or Semimetals - correct answers The elements that have some but not all of the characteristics on metals Representative Elements - correct answers The elements in groups 1, 2, and 13 through 18 (the "A" groups) on the periodic table; also called the Main-group Elements. Main-group Elements - correct answers The elements in groups 1, 2, and 13 through 18 (the "A" groups) on the periodic table; also called the Representative Elements. Transition Metals - correct answers The elements in groups 2 through 12 (the "B" groups) on the periodic table Inner Transition Elements - correct answers The 29 elements at the bottom of the periodic table. Periods - correct answers The horizontal rows on the periodic table Atom - correct answers The smallest part of an element that retains the chemical characteristics of the element. Atomic Mass Unit (u or amu) - correct answers Unit of measurement for the masses of particles; 1/12 of the mass of a carbon atom that has 6 protons, 6 neutrons, and 6 electrons. Proton - correct answers A positively charged particle found in the nucleus of an atom. Neutron - correct answers An uncharged particle found in the nucleus of an atom. Electron - correct answers A negatively charged particle found outside the nucleus of an atom. Nucleus - correct answers The extremely small, positively charged core of the atom. Ion - correct answers Any charged particle, whether positively or negatively charged. Cation - correct answers An ion formed from an atom that has lost one of more electrons and thus has become positively charged. Anion - correct answers An ion formed from an atom that has gained one of more electrons and thus has become negatively charged. Isotopes - correct answers Atoms that have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons. They have the same atomic number but different mass numbers. Atomic Number - correct answers The number of protons in an atom's nucleus. It establishes the element's identity. Mass Number - correct answers The sum of the number of protons and neutrons in an atom's nucleus. Covalent Bond - correct answers A link between atoms that results from their sharing two electrons. Molecule - correct answers An uncharged collection of atoms held together with covalent bonds. Space-Filling Model - correct answers A way of representing a molecule to show a somewhat realistic image of the electron-charge clouds that surround the molecule's atoms. Ball-and-Stick Model - correct answers A representation of a molecule that uses balls for atoms and sticks for covalent bonds. Diatonic - correct answers Composed of paired atoms. The diatomic elements are H2, N2, O2, F2, Cl2, Br2, and I2. Weighted Average Mass - correct answers A mass calculated by multiplying the decimal fraction of each component in a sample by its mass and adding the results of each multiplication together. Atomic Mass - correct answers The mass of a atom, usually unified atomic mass units (u or amu) Average Atomic Mass - correct answers (most often called just atomic mass or atomic weight) The weighted average of the masses of the naturally occurring isotopes of an element. Mole - correct answers The amount of substance that contains the same number of particles as there are atoms in 12 g of Carbon-12 Avogadro's Number - correct answers The number of atoms in 12 g of Carbon-12. To four significant figures, it is 6.022 x 10^23. Molar Mass - correct answers The mass in grams of one mole of a substance. (The number of grams in the molar mass of an element is the same as its atomic mass.) Energy - correct answers The capacity to do work. Kinetic Energy - correct answers The capacity to do work due to the motion of an object. Law of Conservation of Energy - correct answers Energy can neither be created nor destroyed, but it can be transferred form one system to another and changed from one form to another. Potential Energy - correct answers A retrievable, stored form of energy an object possess by virtue of its position or state. Endergonic (Endogonic) Change - correct answers Change that absorbs energy. Exergonic (Exogenic) Change - correct answers Change that releases energy. Joule (J) - correct answers The accepted international unit for energy. calorie (with a lowercase c) - correct answers A common energy unit. There are 4.184 joules per calorie (abbreviated cal). Calorie (with an uppercase C) - correct answers The dietary calorie (abbreviated Cal). in fact, it is kilocalorie, the equivalent of 4184 joules. Internal Kinetic Energy - correct answers The energy associated with the random motion of particles. Temperature - correct answers A measure of the average internal kinetic energy of an object. Heat - correct answers The energy transferred from a region of higher temperature to a region of lower temperature due to collisions between particles. Radiant Energy or Electromagnetic Radiation - correct answers Energy that can be described in terms of either oscillating electric and magnetic fields or in terms of a stream of tiny packets of energy with no mass. Photons - correct answers Tiny packets of particles of radiant energy. Wavelength - correct answers The distance in space over which a wave completes one cycle of its repeated form. Nodes - correct answers The locations in a waveform where the intensity of the wave is always zero. Orbitals - correct answers The allowed waveforms for the electron. This term can also be defined as a volume that contains a high percentage of the electron charge or as a volume in which an electron has a high probability of being found. Principal Energy Level or Shell - correct answers A collection of orbitals that have the same potential energy for a hydrogen atom, except for the first (lowest) principal energy level, which contains on one orbital (1s). For example, the 2s and 2p orbitals are in the second principal energy level. Ground State - correct answers The condition of an atom whose electrons are in the orbitals that give it the lowest possible potential energy. Excited State - correct answers The condition of an atom that has at least one of its electrons in orbitals that do no represent the lowest possible potential energy. Sublevel or Subshell - correct answers One or more orbitals that have the same potential energy. the same size, and the same shape. For example, the second principal energy level contains a 2s sublevel (with one spherical orbitals) and a 2p sublevel ( with three dumbbell-shaped orbitals).