NRS 232 EXAM 1 STUDY GUIDE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Vascular phase - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Brief vasoconstriction → vasodilation → ↑ capillary
permeability → redness, heat, swelling.
Cellular phase - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅WBCs migrate to site; neutrophils arrive first, then monocytes →
macrophages.
Purpose of inflammation - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Remove cause of injury, clear debris, and initiate
repair.
Neutrophils - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅First responders; phagocytose bacteria/debris.
Macrophages - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Clean-up, cytokine release, tissue repair.
Lymphocytes (T/B Cells) - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Coordinate immune response.
Mast Cells - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Release histamine (vasodilation, permeability).
Histamine - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Causes vasodilation & capillary leak → swelling & redness.
Prostaglandins - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Cause pain, fever, vasodilation.
Cytokines - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Regulate inflammation; can cause systemic effects (fever, malaise).
Cardinal Signs of Inflammation - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅1. Redness (Rubor) - vasodilation; 2. Heat (Calor)
- increased metabolism & blood flow; 3. Swelling (Tumor) - fluid accumulation; 4. Pain (Dolor) -
bradykinin, prostaglandins stimulate nerves; 5. Loss of function (Functio laesa) - due to pain & swelling.
Systemic Manifestations - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Fever, leukocytosis, malaise, anorexia, tachycardia,
tachypnea.
Vascular phase - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Brief vasoconstriction → vasodilation → ↑ capillary
permeability → redness, heat, swelling.
Cellular phase - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅WBCs migrate to site; neutrophils arrive first, then monocytes →
macrophages.
Purpose of inflammation - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Remove cause of injury, clear debris, and initiate
repair.
Neutrophils - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅First responders; phagocytose bacteria/debris.
Macrophages - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Clean-up, cytokine release, tissue repair.
Lymphocytes (T/B Cells) - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Coordinate immune response.
Mast Cells - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Release histamine (vasodilation, permeability).
Histamine - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Causes vasodilation & capillary leak → swelling & redness.
Prostaglandins - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Cause pain, fever, vasodilation.
Cytokines - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Regulate inflammation; can cause systemic effects (fever, malaise).
Cardinal Signs of Inflammation - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅1. Redness (Rubor) - vasodilation; 2. Heat (Calor)
- increased metabolism & blood flow; 3. Swelling (Tumor) - fluid accumulation; 4. Pain (Dolor) -
bradykinin, prostaglandins stimulate nerves; 5. Loss of function (Functio laesa) - due to pain & swelling.
Systemic Manifestations - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Fever, leukocytosis, malaise, anorexia, tachycardia,
tachypnea.
