NURS 316 UNIT 1 MEDICAL CALCULATION
COMPREHENSIVE TEST PAPER 2026
COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
EXPERT VERIFIED GRADED A+
◉ biological plausibility. Answer: - causal relationship should be
consistent with evidence from basic physiologic studies
Ex: tobacco is a carcinogen
◉ coherence. Answer: - the evidence about the existence of a
relationship should come from multiple sources
◉ which design offers the strongest evidence of whether a cause
results in an effect. Answer: - experimental designs
◉ posttest-only design. Answer: - outcome data collected only after
the intervention
*RXO
◉ pretest-posttest design. Answer: - outcome data collected both at
baseline and after the intervention
*ROXO
,◉ crossover designs. Answer: - subjects are exposed to 2+
conditions in random order
- subjects serve as their own control
*ROOOXOOO
◉ factorial design. Answer: - more than one independent variable is
experimentally manipulated
◉ the experimental condition. Answer: - must be designed with
sufficient intensity and duration that effects might reasonably be
expected
◉ intervention fidelity. Answer: - whether the treatment was
delivered and received as planned
- making sure all the interventions are the same throughout
◉ categories of quasi-experimental designs. Answer: -
nonequivalent
- within-subject
◉ nonequivalent control group designs. Answer: - those getting the
intervention are compared with a non-randomized comparison
group
, ◉ time series designs. Answer: - gather pre-intervention and post-
intervention data over longer period
◉ correlational designs. Answer: - cause-probing questions for
which manipulation is not possible
- smoking and cancer
◉ descriptive-correlational. Answer: - purpose is to describe
whether variables are related
- without ascribing a cause and effect connection
◉ cross-sectional design. Answer: - data collected at a single point in
time
◉ longitudinal design. Answer: - data collected two or more times
over an extended period
- better at showing patterns of change and at clarifying whether a
cause occurred before an effect
◉ methods of controlling intrinsic factors. Answer: - randomization
- subjects as own controls
- homogeneity
COMPREHENSIVE TEST PAPER 2026
COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
EXPERT VERIFIED GRADED A+
◉ biological plausibility. Answer: - causal relationship should be
consistent with evidence from basic physiologic studies
Ex: tobacco is a carcinogen
◉ coherence. Answer: - the evidence about the existence of a
relationship should come from multiple sources
◉ which design offers the strongest evidence of whether a cause
results in an effect. Answer: - experimental designs
◉ posttest-only design. Answer: - outcome data collected only after
the intervention
*RXO
◉ pretest-posttest design. Answer: - outcome data collected both at
baseline and after the intervention
*ROXO
,◉ crossover designs. Answer: - subjects are exposed to 2+
conditions in random order
- subjects serve as their own control
*ROOOXOOO
◉ factorial design. Answer: - more than one independent variable is
experimentally manipulated
◉ the experimental condition. Answer: - must be designed with
sufficient intensity and duration that effects might reasonably be
expected
◉ intervention fidelity. Answer: - whether the treatment was
delivered and received as planned
- making sure all the interventions are the same throughout
◉ categories of quasi-experimental designs. Answer: -
nonequivalent
- within-subject
◉ nonequivalent control group designs. Answer: - those getting the
intervention are compared with a non-randomized comparison
group
, ◉ time series designs. Answer: - gather pre-intervention and post-
intervention data over longer period
◉ correlational designs. Answer: - cause-probing questions for
which manipulation is not possible
- smoking and cancer
◉ descriptive-correlational. Answer: - purpose is to describe
whether variables are related
- without ascribing a cause and effect connection
◉ cross-sectional design. Answer: - data collected at a single point in
time
◉ longitudinal design. Answer: - data collected two or more times
over an extended period
- better at showing patterns of change and at clarifying whether a
cause occurred before an effect
◉ methods of controlling intrinsic factors. Answer: - randomization
- subjects as own controls
- homogeneity
