NUR 452 Final Exam Test Questions with
All Correct Answers 2026 Updated.
Primary Prevention - Answer PREVENT problems from ever occurring (disease not present)
Examples of Primary Prevention - Answer Education, immunization, wearing seat belts
Secondary Prevention - Answer early detection and intervention, early dx and tx (disease is
present in early stages)
Secondary Prevention Examples - Answer Screenings: mammograms, pap smears,
cholesterol screening, BP screening, STD screenings
Tertiary Prevention - Answer correct and prevent deterioration of disease state (disease
present in advanced stages)
limit disability
Tertiary prevention examples - Answer rehabilitation: cardiac rehab, PT
Medication: tx of chronic conditions
Core functions of public health - Answer assessment, policy development, assurance
assessment - Answer collect data, analyze, trend, share
policy development - Answer use data to develop policies that directs resources to address
problems
assurance - Answer promotes availability of health services throughout the community
10 essential services of public health - Answer 1. Monitor health
2. Diagnose and investigate
3. Inform, educate, and empower
4. Mobilize community partnerships
5. Develop policies
6. Enforce laws
7. Link to / Provide care
,8. Assure a competent workforce
9. Evaluate
10. Research
Prospective payment - Answer -External authority sets rates
-Rates derived form predictions set in advance
-Fixed rates rather than cost coverage
-Imposes constraints on spending
-Providers at risk for losses or surpluses
Retrospective payment - Answer -Fee established in advance
-Reimburse after service rendered
-Abused through the requesting and ordering of unnecessary tests
-Encouraged sickness rather than wellness
Reasons for being uninsured - Answer Low income families, people of color, family work
status, family income, race.
Cost is too high (45%)
Lost job or changed employers (22%)
Lost medicaid (11%)
Status change (11%)
Employer does not offer/ineligible for coverage (9%)
No need for health coverage (2%)
Medicare - Answer Funded by workers through payroll deductions while working
Part A: hospital insurance, no monthly premium—to stay at hospital- free
Part B: added premium for provider appointments, PT, OT—added cost—medication and
outpatient (adults pay)
Part D: Prescription coverage- monthly - added costs.
Medicare eligibility - Answer persons over age 65 with end-stage kidney disease and
disabled
Medicaid Eligibility - Answer Joint funding through federal government and states
Eligibility based on federal poverty guidelines.
State of Maine called Maine-Care.
, Free: State and federal funded health insurance for people who meet poverty guidelines
Health Literacy Definition - Answer the degree to which individuals have the capacity to
obtain, process, and understand basic health information and services needed to make
appropriate health decisions
Health outcomes associated with poor or limited health literacy - Answer Difficulty taking
meds appropriately and interpreting labels and health messages
Higher rates of hospitalization, emergency care visits and lower rates of immunizations
Less health knowledge and comprehension of health information
More likely to report poor health
In particular, seniors' limited health literacy is associated with worse health status and quality of
life and early mortality.
Community setting: lack of prep for emergency, missed warnings about environment, miss
opportunities for services like free health clinic for flu vaccines.
Epidemiologic Triad - Answer host, agent, environment
Host - Answer susceptible human or animal that harbors the agent
Agent - Answer Factor that causes or contributed to disease (or health problem)
can be infectious or noninfectious
Types of agents - Answer Biologic: virus, bacteria, protozoan, fungi, etc.
Physical: mechanical, atmospheric (radiation, radon), geologic (earthquakes, tsunamis)
Chemical: toxins, poisons
Nutrient: excess or deficiencies in diet
Psychological: stress; mental health
Environment - Answer all external factors influencing vulnerability or resistance
Incidence rates - Answer Recent outbreaks
(All new cases of a disease) / (total population at risk for the disease) x K
Prevalence Rates - Answer How much disease is present in the community
(All existing cases of a disease) / (total population) x K
All Correct Answers 2026 Updated.
Primary Prevention - Answer PREVENT problems from ever occurring (disease not present)
Examples of Primary Prevention - Answer Education, immunization, wearing seat belts
Secondary Prevention - Answer early detection and intervention, early dx and tx (disease is
present in early stages)
Secondary Prevention Examples - Answer Screenings: mammograms, pap smears,
cholesterol screening, BP screening, STD screenings
Tertiary Prevention - Answer correct and prevent deterioration of disease state (disease
present in advanced stages)
limit disability
Tertiary prevention examples - Answer rehabilitation: cardiac rehab, PT
Medication: tx of chronic conditions
Core functions of public health - Answer assessment, policy development, assurance
assessment - Answer collect data, analyze, trend, share
policy development - Answer use data to develop policies that directs resources to address
problems
assurance - Answer promotes availability of health services throughout the community
10 essential services of public health - Answer 1. Monitor health
2. Diagnose and investigate
3. Inform, educate, and empower
4. Mobilize community partnerships
5. Develop policies
6. Enforce laws
7. Link to / Provide care
,8. Assure a competent workforce
9. Evaluate
10. Research
Prospective payment - Answer -External authority sets rates
-Rates derived form predictions set in advance
-Fixed rates rather than cost coverage
-Imposes constraints on spending
-Providers at risk for losses or surpluses
Retrospective payment - Answer -Fee established in advance
-Reimburse after service rendered
-Abused through the requesting and ordering of unnecessary tests
-Encouraged sickness rather than wellness
Reasons for being uninsured - Answer Low income families, people of color, family work
status, family income, race.
Cost is too high (45%)
Lost job or changed employers (22%)
Lost medicaid (11%)
Status change (11%)
Employer does not offer/ineligible for coverage (9%)
No need for health coverage (2%)
Medicare - Answer Funded by workers through payroll deductions while working
Part A: hospital insurance, no monthly premium—to stay at hospital- free
Part B: added premium for provider appointments, PT, OT—added cost—medication and
outpatient (adults pay)
Part D: Prescription coverage- monthly - added costs.
Medicare eligibility - Answer persons over age 65 with end-stage kidney disease and
disabled
Medicaid Eligibility - Answer Joint funding through federal government and states
Eligibility based on federal poverty guidelines.
State of Maine called Maine-Care.
, Free: State and federal funded health insurance for people who meet poverty guidelines
Health Literacy Definition - Answer the degree to which individuals have the capacity to
obtain, process, and understand basic health information and services needed to make
appropriate health decisions
Health outcomes associated with poor or limited health literacy - Answer Difficulty taking
meds appropriately and interpreting labels and health messages
Higher rates of hospitalization, emergency care visits and lower rates of immunizations
Less health knowledge and comprehension of health information
More likely to report poor health
In particular, seniors' limited health literacy is associated with worse health status and quality of
life and early mortality.
Community setting: lack of prep for emergency, missed warnings about environment, miss
opportunities for services like free health clinic for flu vaccines.
Epidemiologic Triad - Answer host, agent, environment
Host - Answer susceptible human or animal that harbors the agent
Agent - Answer Factor that causes or contributed to disease (or health problem)
can be infectious or noninfectious
Types of agents - Answer Biologic: virus, bacteria, protozoan, fungi, etc.
Physical: mechanical, atmospheric (radiation, radon), geologic (earthquakes, tsunamis)
Chemical: toxins, poisons
Nutrient: excess or deficiencies in diet
Psychological: stress; mental health
Environment - Answer all external factors influencing vulnerability or resistance
Incidence rates - Answer Recent outbreaks
(All new cases of a disease) / (total population at risk for the disease) x K
Prevalence Rates - Answer How much disease is present in the community
(All existing cases of a disease) / (total population) x K
