Advanced Pathophysiology: Exam 1 with Complete Solutions Rated A
*Chapter 1: Introduction to Pathophysiology*
Factor that when present increases the chance of disease
Risk Not stressors, but conditions or situations that increase the
likelihood of encountering a stressor
A measure of disease that allows us to determine a per-
son's likelihood of having a disease. Therefore, the num-
ber of prevalent cases is the total number of cases of
Prevalence disease existing in a population. A prevalence rate is the
total number of cases of a disease existing in a population
divided by the total population
Indicates how widespread the disease is
A measure of disease that allows us to determine a per-
son's probability of being diagnosed with a disease dur-
ing a given period of time. Therefore, incidence is the
number of newly diagnosed cases of a disease. An inci-
Incidence
dence rate is the number of new cases of a disease divided
by the number of persons at risk for the disease.
Conveys information about the risk of contracting the dis-
ease.
The quantitative relation between two amounts showing
Ratio the number of times one value contains or is contained
within the other.
Altering susceptibility or reducing exposure for suscepti-
ble persons
Primary Prevention *Both illness and disease are absent
example: vaccinations, healthy lifestyles
Early detection, screening, and management of disease
Secondary Prevention
*Illness absent, disease present
, example: screenings and testings
Rehabilitation, supportive care, reducing disability, and
restoring ettective functioning
Tertiary Prevention *Both illness and disease present
example: education
study of the patterns of disease involving populations;
examining the occurrence, incidence, prevalence, trans-
Epidemiology
mission, and distribution of diseases in large groups of
populations/people
Endemic A disease theat is native to a local region
When a disease is disseninated to many individals at the
Epidemic same time
(spread to many people at the same time)
Epidemics that attect large geographic regions, perhaps
Pandemic spreading worldwide.
(spread to large geographic areas)
*Chapter 2: Homeostasis and Adaptive Responses to
Stressors*
A state of being in which all systems are in balance around
Homeostasis
a articular ideal "set-point"
Point where body can no longer return to homeostasis
Exhausation
following a prolonged exposure to noxious agents
"Cost" of body's organs and tissues for an excessive or
Allostatic Overload inettectively regulated allostatic response; ettect of "wear
and tear" on the body
Adaptation
,Adaptation: biopsychosocial process of change in re-
sponse to new or altered circumstances, internal or exter-
nal in origin
Coping: behavioral adaptive response to a stressor using
culturally based coping mechanisms
Adaptation and coping: terms used interchangeably
Includes alterations in responsiveness to homeostatic
Arousal pressures, sensory stimuli and emotional reactivity, and to
changes in motor activity
Primary glucocorticoid
Attects protein metabolism
Promotes appetite and food-seeking behaviors
Has anti-inflammatory ettects
Chemical mediator in the inflammation response of the
Function of Cortisol
body
Adrenal corticosteroid critical to maintenance of home-
ostasis
May synergize or antagonize ettects of catecholamines
*Chapter 3: Cell Structure and Function*
Hormones traveling in the bloodstream
Endocrine Communication
Long range signaling
Neurons firing information through synapses
Neurocrine Communication Signals travel a very small distance between neuron and
target cell
Signaling through the extraceullar fluid between cells in a
Paracrine Communcation tissue
Localized areas of communication
Autocrine Communcation
, Localized signaling in which the secreting cell is also the
target cell
Feedback to self
Rapid, self-propagating electrical excitations of the mem-
brane
Mediated by voltage-gated ion channels that open (sodi-
um flows into the cell) and close in response to voltage
changes across the membrane
Triggered by membrane depolarization
Propagated by sequential opening of voltage-gated sodi-
um channels in adjacent sections of membrane.
The action potential is regenerated in adjacent sections
of membrane as more sodium channels open. The initial
segment repolarizes as sodium channels close and potas-
Describe an Action Potential sium ions move out.
Cardiac muscles: repolarization is prolonged from calcium
influx
*Na+* initiates the action potential
*Only cells with voltage-gated channels have action po-
tentials (not nerve cells)*
Electrical charge when there is no net ion movement
Describe a Resting Action Potential across plasma membrane
Major determinant: Ratio of Internal-to-External [K+]
*Chapter 1: Introduction to Pathophysiology*
Factor that when present increases the chance of disease
Risk Not stressors, but conditions or situations that increase the
likelihood of encountering a stressor
A measure of disease that allows us to determine a per-
son's likelihood of having a disease. Therefore, the num-
ber of prevalent cases is the total number of cases of
Prevalence disease existing in a population. A prevalence rate is the
total number of cases of a disease existing in a population
divided by the total population
Indicates how widespread the disease is
A measure of disease that allows us to determine a per-
son's probability of being diagnosed with a disease dur-
ing a given period of time. Therefore, incidence is the
number of newly diagnosed cases of a disease. An inci-
Incidence
dence rate is the number of new cases of a disease divided
by the number of persons at risk for the disease.
Conveys information about the risk of contracting the dis-
ease.
The quantitative relation between two amounts showing
Ratio the number of times one value contains or is contained
within the other.
Altering susceptibility or reducing exposure for suscepti-
ble persons
Primary Prevention *Both illness and disease are absent
example: vaccinations, healthy lifestyles
Early detection, screening, and management of disease
Secondary Prevention
*Illness absent, disease present
, example: screenings and testings
Rehabilitation, supportive care, reducing disability, and
restoring ettective functioning
Tertiary Prevention *Both illness and disease present
example: education
study of the patterns of disease involving populations;
examining the occurrence, incidence, prevalence, trans-
Epidemiology
mission, and distribution of diseases in large groups of
populations/people
Endemic A disease theat is native to a local region
When a disease is disseninated to many individals at the
Epidemic same time
(spread to many people at the same time)
Epidemics that attect large geographic regions, perhaps
Pandemic spreading worldwide.
(spread to large geographic areas)
*Chapter 2: Homeostasis and Adaptive Responses to
Stressors*
A state of being in which all systems are in balance around
Homeostasis
a articular ideal "set-point"
Point where body can no longer return to homeostasis
Exhausation
following a prolonged exposure to noxious agents
"Cost" of body's organs and tissues for an excessive or
Allostatic Overload inettectively regulated allostatic response; ettect of "wear
and tear" on the body
Adaptation
,Adaptation: biopsychosocial process of change in re-
sponse to new or altered circumstances, internal or exter-
nal in origin
Coping: behavioral adaptive response to a stressor using
culturally based coping mechanisms
Adaptation and coping: terms used interchangeably
Includes alterations in responsiveness to homeostatic
Arousal pressures, sensory stimuli and emotional reactivity, and to
changes in motor activity
Primary glucocorticoid
Attects protein metabolism
Promotes appetite and food-seeking behaviors
Has anti-inflammatory ettects
Chemical mediator in the inflammation response of the
Function of Cortisol
body
Adrenal corticosteroid critical to maintenance of home-
ostasis
May synergize or antagonize ettects of catecholamines
*Chapter 3: Cell Structure and Function*
Hormones traveling in the bloodstream
Endocrine Communication
Long range signaling
Neurons firing information through synapses
Neurocrine Communication Signals travel a very small distance between neuron and
target cell
Signaling through the extraceullar fluid between cells in a
Paracrine Communcation tissue
Localized areas of communication
Autocrine Communcation
, Localized signaling in which the secreting cell is also the
target cell
Feedback to self
Rapid, self-propagating electrical excitations of the mem-
brane
Mediated by voltage-gated ion channels that open (sodi-
um flows into the cell) and close in response to voltage
changes across the membrane
Triggered by membrane depolarization
Propagated by sequential opening of voltage-gated sodi-
um channels in adjacent sections of membrane.
The action potential is regenerated in adjacent sections
of membrane as more sodium channels open. The initial
segment repolarizes as sodium channels close and potas-
Describe an Action Potential sium ions move out.
Cardiac muscles: repolarization is prolonged from calcium
influx
*Na+* initiates the action potential
*Only cells with voltage-gated channels have action po-
tentials (not nerve cells)*
Electrical charge when there is no net ion movement
Describe a Resting Action Potential across plasma membrane
Major determinant: Ratio of Internal-to-External [K+]
