What is the most common mechanism for drugs & membrane permeation?
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passive diffusion
Endogenous neurotransmitters
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norepinephrine and dopamine.
Why do benzodiazepines reduce an athlete's anxiety?
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Benzodiazepines increase CNS depression in a dose-dependent manner.
Therefore, at low doses, they act as anti-anxiety agents.
Which one of the following statements regarding drug
addiction is correct?
a) Drug tolerance is defined as a state in which repeated
administration of a given dose of the drug has
progressively greater pharmacological effect.
b) Addiction is characterized by the appearance of a
withdrawal syndrome when the drug is stopped abruptly.
c) Drug use is reinforced by the pleasurable effects and is
mediated by dopaminergic neurons.
d) Drug dependence rarely occurs under conditions when
the drug is prescribed by a physici
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c) Drug use is reinforced by the pleasurable effects and is
mediated by dopaminergic neurons.
Which of the following statements is correct?
a. Nicotine is the component in cigarette smoke responsible for the lung cancer risk.
b. Carbon monoxide is the component in cigarette smoke which is responsible for the
dependence potential.
,c. Tolerance invariably develops to the euphoric effect of nicotine.
d. Nicotine and carbon monoxide are believed to be agents in cigarette smoke which
cause cardiovascular disease.
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d. Nicotine and carbon monoxide are believed to be agents in cigarette
smoke which cause cardiovascular disease.
Free drug that undergoes biotransformation:
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Making that drug more water soluble so that it can be excreted
- Predominantly occurs in the liver
- For some medications, once they're bio transformed, they can be
excreted directly through the feces (that's a relatively small number of
drugs).
- Predominantly, after a drug is bio transformed or metabolised,
metabolites end up going back into central compartment (blood) and then
once they're lipid soluble enough, they'll go through the kidney and be
excreted through the urinary
Describe the advantages of benzodiazepines over barbiturates:
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- Benzos have a wide spectrum of use.
- More selective in action than barbs, barbs depress
glutamatergic systems.
- Benzos high therapeutic index.
- Low effect on REM sleep.
- Less respiratory depression.
, - Low abuse liability (lower than barbiturates).
- Less severe withdrawal with benzodiazepine
CNS excitation
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can cause: overstimulation, restlessness, dizziness, mild confusion, tremor,
and in rare instances, panic and psychosis, especially with high doses
The TD50 of a drug in rats was found to be 50 milligrams/kilogram. The ED50 of the
same drug in rats was 1 milligram/kilogram. From this information, one can calculate
that the therapeutic index of the drug in rats is:
a. 0.02
b. 50
c. 49
d. 51
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b. 50
If controlling oxycodone abuse by making tamper resistant tablets contributed to
Fentanyl abuse, what other measures could be taken to help prevent or treat opioid
drug abuse?
Give this one a try later!
passive diffusion
Endogenous neurotransmitters
Give this one a try later!
norepinephrine and dopamine.
Why do benzodiazepines reduce an athlete's anxiety?
,Give this one a try later!
Benzodiazepines increase CNS depression in a dose-dependent manner.
Therefore, at low doses, they act as anti-anxiety agents.
Which one of the following statements regarding drug
addiction is correct?
a) Drug tolerance is defined as a state in which repeated
administration of a given dose of the drug has
progressively greater pharmacological effect.
b) Addiction is characterized by the appearance of a
withdrawal syndrome when the drug is stopped abruptly.
c) Drug use is reinforced by the pleasurable effects and is
mediated by dopaminergic neurons.
d) Drug dependence rarely occurs under conditions when
the drug is prescribed by a physici
Give this one a try later!
c) Drug use is reinforced by the pleasurable effects and is
mediated by dopaminergic neurons.
Which of the following statements is correct?
a. Nicotine is the component in cigarette smoke responsible for the lung cancer risk.
b. Carbon monoxide is the component in cigarette smoke which is responsible for the
dependence potential.
,c. Tolerance invariably develops to the euphoric effect of nicotine.
d. Nicotine and carbon monoxide are believed to be agents in cigarette smoke which
cause cardiovascular disease.
Give this one a try later!
d. Nicotine and carbon monoxide are believed to be agents in cigarette
smoke which cause cardiovascular disease.
Free drug that undergoes biotransformation:
Give this one a try later!
Making that drug more water soluble so that it can be excreted
- Predominantly occurs in the liver
- For some medications, once they're bio transformed, they can be
excreted directly through the feces (that's a relatively small number of
drugs).
- Predominantly, after a drug is bio transformed or metabolised,
metabolites end up going back into central compartment (blood) and then
once they're lipid soluble enough, they'll go through the kidney and be
excreted through the urinary
Describe the advantages of benzodiazepines over barbiturates:
Give this one a try later!
- Benzos have a wide spectrum of use.
- More selective in action than barbs, barbs depress
glutamatergic systems.
- Benzos high therapeutic index.
- Low effect on REM sleep.
- Less respiratory depression.
, - Low abuse liability (lower than barbiturates).
- Less severe withdrawal with benzodiazepine
CNS excitation
Give this one a try later!
can cause: overstimulation, restlessness, dizziness, mild confusion, tremor,
and in rare instances, panic and psychosis, especially with high doses
The TD50 of a drug in rats was found to be 50 milligrams/kilogram. The ED50 of the
same drug in rats was 1 milligram/kilogram. From this information, one can calculate
that the therapeutic index of the drug in rats is:
a. 0.02
b. 50
c. 49
d. 51
Give this one a try later!
b. 50
If controlling oxycodone abuse by making tamper resistant tablets contributed to
Fentanyl abuse, what other measures could be taken to help prevent or treat opioid
drug abuse?
