GI SYSTEM 1
09 April 2026 12:22 AM
3
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) is a chronic condition where stomach
acid frequently flows back into the esophagus.
symptoms
• Heartburn
• regurgitation,
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, symptoms
• Heartburn
• regurgitation,
• chest pain, and difficulty swallowing.
Causes and Risk Factors
• Hiatal Hernia: The upper part of the stomach pushes into the chest cavity.
• Obesity: Increased pressure on the abdomen.
• Pregnancy.
• Smoking.
• Certain Foods/Drinks: Fatty or spicy foods, coffee, alcohol, chocolate, and
peppermint.
• Medications: Certain drugs can trigger or worsen symptoms
Treatment
• Lifestyle Changes: Eating smaller meals, avoiding lying down after eating,
managing weight, and sleeping with the head of the bed elevated.
Medications:
• Antacids: Neutralize stomach acid.
• H2 Blockers: Reduce acid production.
• Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs): Block acid production and heal the esophagus.
Surgery
• Fundoplication
Gastritis is the inflammation of the stomach's protective mucus lining,
caused by
• H. pylori bacteria,
• regular NSAID use
• alcohol
• Stress
Symptoms
• Gnawing or burning ache/pain in the upper abdomen (indigestion).
• Nausea and vomiting.
• A feeling of fullness in the upper abdomen.
• Belching and hiccups.
• Loss of appetite.
• Bloody stools or vomiting (if severe)
Treatment
• Medication Administration (Acid Reduction):
• Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs): Reduce acid production effectively (e.g., omeprazole,
pantoprazole).
• H2 Blockers (Histamine Blockers): Decrease acid secretion (e.g., famotidine, cimetidine).
• Antacids: Neutralize existing acid for quick symptom relief.
• Antibiotics: Used in combination for 7–14 days to treat H. pylori infections.
• Eliminate Irritants: Strict avoidance of NSAIDs, alcohol, caffeine, and spicy or acidic foods.
New Section 2 Page 2
09 April 2026 12:22 AM
3
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) is a chronic condition where stomach
acid frequently flows back into the esophagus.
symptoms
• Heartburn
• regurgitation,
New Section 2 Page 1
, symptoms
• Heartburn
• regurgitation,
• chest pain, and difficulty swallowing.
Causes and Risk Factors
• Hiatal Hernia: The upper part of the stomach pushes into the chest cavity.
• Obesity: Increased pressure on the abdomen.
• Pregnancy.
• Smoking.
• Certain Foods/Drinks: Fatty or spicy foods, coffee, alcohol, chocolate, and
peppermint.
• Medications: Certain drugs can trigger or worsen symptoms
Treatment
• Lifestyle Changes: Eating smaller meals, avoiding lying down after eating,
managing weight, and sleeping with the head of the bed elevated.
Medications:
• Antacids: Neutralize stomach acid.
• H2 Blockers: Reduce acid production.
• Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs): Block acid production and heal the esophagus.
Surgery
• Fundoplication
Gastritis is the inflammation of the stomach's protective mucus lining,
caused by
• H. pylori bacteria,
• regular NSAID use
• alcohol
• Stress
Symptoms
• Gnawing or burning ache/pain in the upper abdomen (indigestion).
• Nausea and vomiting.
• A feeling of fullness in the upper abdomen.
• Belching and hiccups.
• Loss of appetite.
• Bloody stools or vomiting (if severe)
Treatment
• Medication Administration (Acid Reduction):
• Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs): Reduce acid production effectively (e.g., omeprazole,
pantoprazole).
• H2 Blockers (Histamine Blockers): Decrease acid secretion (e.g., famotidine, cimetidine).
• Antacids: Neutralize existing acid for quick symptom relief.
• Antibiotics: Used in combination for 7–14 days to treat H. pylori infections.
• Eliminate Irritants: Strict avoidance of NSAIDs, alcohol, caffeine, and spicy or acidic foods.
New Section 2 Page 2
