HURST EXAM STUDY GUIDE 2026 FULL
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS GRADED A+
◉Afterload. Answer: the pressure in the aorta and peripheral
arteries that the left ventricle has to pump against to get the blood
out
◉The pressure during afterload is referred to as. Answer: resistance
◉With hypertension there's even more _______________ for the
________________________ to pump against. Answer: resistance; left
ventricle
◉Hypertension can eventually lead to _______________ and
_________________, because ___________________. Plus, _________________.
Answer: HF; pulmonary edema; high afterload decreases CO and
decreases forward flow; it wears your heart out
◉Stroke volume. Answer: the amount of blood pumped out of the
ventricles with each beat
◉CO = ______ X _______. Answer: HR; SV
,◉Tissue perfusion is dependent on. Answer: an adequate CO
◉Cardiac output changes according to the. Answer: body's demands
(needs)
◉Factors that affect CO. Answer: 1. HR and certain arrhythmias
2. Blood volume
3. Decreased contractility
◉Less volume =. Answer: less CO
◉More volume =. Answer: more CO
◉What can cause decreased contractility?. Answer: -MI
-medication
-cardiac muscle disease
◉Medications that affect preload. Answer: 1. diuretics (furosemide)
2. nitrates (nitroglycerin)
,◉Medications that affect afterload. Answer: 1. ACE inhibitors
(enalapril, fosinopril, captopril)
2. ARBS (losartan, irbesartan)
3. Hydralazine
4. Nitrates
◉Medications that improve contractility. Answer: inotropes
(dopamine, dobutamine, milrinone)
◉Medications that affect rate control. Answer: 1. Beta blockers
(propanolol, metoprolol, atenolol,
carvedilol)
2. Calcium channel blockers (diltiazem, verapamil,
amlodipine)
3. Digoxin
◉How do diuretics (furosemide) and nitrates (nitroglycerin) affect
cardiac output?. Answer: vasodilate to diurese to reduce (decrease)
preload
◉How do ACE inhibitors (enalapril, fosinopril, captopril), ARBS
(losartan, irbesartan), Hydralazine, and Nitrates affect afterload?.
Answer: vasodilate to reduce (decrease) afterload
, ◉If CO is decreased,. Answer: you cannot perfuse properly
◉If CO is decreased, what will happen to the brain?. Answer: LOC
will go down
◉If CO is decreased, what will happen to the heart?. Answer: clients
will report chest pain
◉If CO is decreased, what will happen to the lungs?. Answer: lungs
are wet and patients have SOB
◉If CO is decreased, what will happen to the skin?. Answer: it will be
cold and clammy
◉If CO is decreased, what will happen to the kidneys?. Answer: UO
goes down
◉If CO is decreased, what will happen to peripheral pulses?.
Answer: weak and thready
◉Arrhythmias are no big deal UNTIL,. Answer: they affect your CO
◉3 arrhythmias that are always a big deal. Answer: 1. pulseless
ventricular tachycardia
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS GRADED A+
◉Afterload. Answer: the pressure in the aorta and peripheral
arteries that the left ventricle has to pump against to get the blood
out
◉The pressure during afterload is referred to as. Answer: resistance
◉With hypertension there's even more _______________ for the
________________________ to pump against. Answer: resistance; left
ventricle
◉Hypertension can eventually lead to _______________ and
_________________, because ___________________. Plus, _________________.
Answer: HF; pulmonary edema; high afterload decreases CO and
decreases forward flow; it wears your heart out
◉Stroke volume. Answer: the amount of blood pumped out of the
ventricles with each beat
◉CO = ______ X _______. Answer: HR; SV
,◉Tissue perfusion is dependent on. Answer: an adequate CO
◉Cardiac output changes according to the. Answer: body's demands
(needs)
◉Factors that affect CO. Answer: 1. HR and certain arrhythmias
2. Blood volume
3. Decreased contractility
◉Less volume =. Answer: less CO
◉More volume =. Answer: more CO
◉What can cause decreased contractility?. Answer: -MI
-medication
-cardiac muscle disease
◉Medications that affect preload. Answer: 1. diuretics (furosemide)
2. nitrates (nitroglycerin)
,◉Medications that affect afterload. Answer: 1. ACE inhibitors
(enalapril, fosinopril, captopril)
2. ARBS (losartan, irbesartan)
3. Hydralazine
4. Nitrates
◉Medications that improve contractility. Answer: inotropes
(dopamine, dobutamine, milrinone)
◉Medications that affect rate control. Answer: 1. Beta blockers
(propanolol, metoprolol, atenolol,
carvedilol)
2. Calcium channel blockers (diltiazem, verapamil,
amlodipine)
3. Digoxin
◉How do diuretics (furosemide) and nitrates (nitroglycerin) affect
cardiac output?. Answer: vasodilate to diurese to reduce (decrease)
preload
◉How do ACE inhibitors (enalapril, fosinopril, captopril), ARBS
(losartan, irbesartan), Hydralazine, and Nitrates affect afterload?.
Answer: vasodilate to reduce (decrease) afterload
, ◉If CO is decreased,. Answer: you cannot perfuse properly
◉If CO is decreased, what will happen to the brain?. Answer: LOC
will go down
◉If CO is decreased, what will happen to the heart?. Answer: clients
will report chest pain
◉If CO is decreased, what will happen to the lungs?. Answer: lungs
are wet and patients have SOB
◉If CO is decreased, what will happen to the skin?. Answer: it will be
cold and clammy
◉If CO is decreased, what will happen to the kidneys?. Answer: UO
goes down
◉If CO is decreased, what will happen to peripheral pulses?.
Answer: weak and thready
◉Arrhythmias are no big deal UNTIL,. Answer: they affect your CO
◉3 arrhythmias that are always a big deal. Answer: 1. pulseless
ventricular tachycardia
