NSG123 2026 COMPREHENSIVE EXAM
PAPER QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED
ANSWERS GRADED A+
◉ Calcium Channel Blockers—Nondihydropyridines
diltiazem ER
verapamil IR
verapamil SR
verapamil—delayed-onset ER Answer: MOA: Inhibit calcium ion
influx.
Reduce cardiac afterload.
Slow velocity of conduction of cardiac impulse.
Disadvantage: Avoid concomitant dosing with beta-blockers.
Contraindications: HFrEF; sinus node dysfunction, AV block.
N/C-Do not discontinue suddenly.
Observe for hypotension.
Report irregular heartbeat, dizziness, edema.
Instruct on regular dental care because of potential gingivitis.
Metabolized via cytochrome p450 system; therefore, many potential
drug interactions.
, ◉ Beta-Blockers—Cardioselective
nebivolol Answer: MOA:Blocks beta-1 adrenergic receptors and
induces nitric oxide vasodilation.
Similar to other beta-blockers with additional capacity for
vasodilation.
Contraindications: Similar to beta-blockers but with greater risk of
severe bradycardia, heart block, cardiogenic shock, decompensated
cardiac failure, sinus node dysfunction.
Avoid sudden discontinuation. Side-effect profile similar to other
beta-blockers.
◉ Heart Failure (HF)- Types of HF (review your pathophysiology)
Answer: Heart failure (HF) is a clinical syndrome resulting from
structural or functional cardiac disorders so that the heart is unable
to pump enough blood to meet the body's metabolic demands or
needs
Types of HF are Systolic vs Diastolic
◉ Systolic vs Diastolic Answer: The term heart failure indicates
myocardial disease in which impaired contraction of the heart
(systolic dysfunction) or filling of the heart (diastolic dysfunction)
may cause pulmonary or systemic congestion.
◉ Clinical Manifestations of left sided HF vs Rt sided HF Answer:
Left sided HF: The clinical manifestations of pulmonary congestion
PAPER QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED
ANSWERS GRADED A+
◉ Calcium Channel Blockers—Nondihydropyridines
diltiazem ER
verapamil IR
verapamil SR
verapamil—delayed-onset ER Answer: MOA: Inhibit calcium ion
influx.
Reduce cardiac afterload.
Slow velocity of conduction of cardiac impulse.
Disadvantage: Avoid concomitant dosing with beta-blockers.
Contraindications: HFrEF; sinus node dysfunction, AV block.
N/C-Do not discontinue suddenly.
Observe for hypotension.
Report irregular heartbeat, dizziness, edema.
Instruct on regular dental care because of potential gingivitis.
Metabolized via cytochrome p450 system; therefore, many potential
drug interactions.
, ◉ Beta-Blockers—Cardioselective
nebivolol Answer: MOA:Blocks beta-1 adrenergic receptors and
induces nitric oxide vasodilation.
Similar to other beta-blockers with additional capacity for
vasodilation.
Contraindications: Similar to beta-blockers but with greater risk of
severe bradycardia, heart block, cardiogenic shock, decompensated
cardiac failure, sinus node dysfunction.
Avoid sudden discontinuation. Side-effect profile similar to other
beta-blockers.
◉ Heart Failure (HF)- Types of HF (review your pathophysiology)
Answer: Heart failure (HF) is a clinical syndrome resulting from
structural or functional cardiac disorders so that the heart is unable
to pump enough blood to meet the body's metabolic demands or
needs
Types of HF are Systolic vs Diastolic
◉ Systolic vs Diastolic Answer: The term heart failure indicates
myocardial disease in which impaired contraction of the heart
(systolic dysfunction) or filling of the heart (diastolic dysfunction)
may cause pulmonary or systemic congestion.
◉ Clinical Manifestations of left sided HF vs Rt sided HF Answer:
Left sided HF: The clinical manifestations of pulmonary congestion
