NU 578 UNIT 4 QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS (LATEST)
Insulin use - ANSWERS-Insulin is used to treat all patients with type
1 and many with type 2 diabetes. consists of two amino acid chains (a
acidic and b basic) linked by two disulfide bridges. it is synthesized in
the pancreas by b ce;;s within islets of langerhans. insulin is released
by rise in blood sugar (eating a. meal).
Anaolic reaction (insulin promotes conservation of energy and
buildup of energy stores)
Insulin metabolic actions - ANSWERS-Insulin promotes glucose into
glycogen, amino acids assembled into proteins, fatty acids into
triglycerides.
Insulin deficiency promotes glycogen into glucose, proteins into
amino acids, and fats into glycerol.
Metformin use - ANSWERS-Biguanide
used for type 2 DM. oral anti diabetic. may be used with other drugs.
can be used for prevention of type 2 diabetes, GDM, PCOS.
Reduces GI absorbance of glucose and hepatic production of glucose.
Does not stimulate insulin release from the pancreas.
Increases HDL, decreases BP, promotes weight loss.
,DPP-4 Inhibitors (gliptins) - ANSWERS-go to pancreas and increase
insulin release.
Example is Sitaglitpin
Sodium Glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT-2 inhibitors).
(gliflozins) - ANSWERS-Example: empagliflozin
increases urine excretion of glucose, taken PO, reduces cardiovascular
risk of type 2 diabetes.
SE: yeast infections and genital gangrene
Incretin Mimetics ('tides) - ANSWERS-injectables that slow gastric
emptying, causes weight loss and help an overwhelmed pancreas.
solfonylureas - ANSWERS-stimulate pancreas to release more
insulin. range in onset, duration, and potency and are only used for
type 2 diabetes. there are first generation and second generation.
second are more potent and doses are lower and drug drug
interactions are less common
AE: hypoglycemia
Acarbose - ANSWERS-a glucosidase inhibitor
, oral anti diabetic agent that inhibits breakdown of oligosaccharides
into monosaccharides. this delays digestion and prolongs absorption
of carbs and decreases postprandial hyperglycemia!!
ADR: FI upset and flatulence.
take this with first bite of each meal.
Insulin Complications/ Drug Interactions - ANSWERS-hypoglycemia
caused by overdose.
hypoglycemic agents (sulfonylureas, glinides, and alcohol),
hyperglycemia agents, b adrenergic blocking agents.
Sitagliptin - ANSWERS-DP4 inhibitor.
stimulates glucose dependent release of insulin and suppresses
postprandial release of glycogen. both actions help keep BG from
climbing to ohhight. used for type 2 dm
AE: URI, headache, inflammation of nasal passages, pancreatitis,
hypersensitivity reactions.
Canagliflozin - ANSWERS-SGC2 inhibitor
reduces reabsorption of glucose and increases urinary glucose
excretion
AE: UTI, yeast infection, increased urination
ANSWERS (LATEST)
Insulin use - ANSWERS-Insulin is used to treat all patients with type
1 and many with type 2 diabetes. consists of two amino acid chains (a
acidic and b basic) linked by two disulfide bridges. it is synthesized in
the pancreas by b ce;;s within islets of langerhans. insulin is released
by rise in blood sugar (eating a. meal).
Anaolic reaction (insulin promotes conservation of energy and
buildup of energy stores)
Insulin metabolic actions - ANSWERS-Insulin promotes glucose into
glycogen, amino acids assembled into proteins, fatty acids into
triglycerides.
Insulin deficiency promotes glycogen into glucose, proteins into
amino acids, and fats into glycerol.
Metformin use - ANSWERS-Biguanide
used for type 2 DM. oral anti diabetic. may be used with other drugs.
can be used for prevention of type 2 diabetes, GDM, PCOS.
Reduces GI absorbance of glucose and hepatic production of glucose.
Does not stimulate insulin release from the pancreas.
Increases HDL, decreases BP, promotes weight loss.
,DPP-4 Inhibitors (gliptins) - ANSWERS-go to pancreas and increase
insulin release.
Example is Sitaglitpin
Sodium Glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT-2 inhibitors).
(gliflozins) - ANSWERS-Example: empagliflozin
increases urine excretion of glucose, taken PO, reduces cardiovascular
risk of type 2 diabetes.
SE: yeast infections and genital gangrene
Incretin Mimetics ('tides) - ANSWERS-injectables that slow gastric
emptying, causes weight loss and help an overwhelmed pancreas.
solfonylureas - ANSWERS-stimulate pancreas to release more
insulin. range in onset, duration, and potency and are only used for
type 2 diabetes. there are first generation and second generation.
second are more potent and doses are lower and drug drug
interactions are less common
AE: hypoglycemia
Acarbose - ANSWERS-a glucosidase inhibitor
, oral anti diabetic agent that inhibits breakdown of oligosaccharides
into monosaccharides. this delays digestion and prolongs absorption
of carbs and decreases postprandial hyperglycemia!!
ADR: FI upset and flatulence.
take this with first bite of each meal.
Insulin Complications/ Drug Interactions - ANSWERS-hypoglycemia
caused by overdose.
hypoglycemic agents (sulfonylureas, glinides, and alcohol),
hyperglycemia agents, b adrenergic blocking agents.
Sitagliptin - ANSWERS-DP4 inhibitor.
stimulates glucose dependent release of insulin and suppresses
postprandial release of glycogen. both actions help keep BG from
climbing to ohhight. used for type 2 dm
AE: URI, headache, inflammation of nasal passages, pancreatitis,
hypersensitivity reactions.
Canagliflozin - ANSWERS-SGC2 inhibitor
reduces reabsorption of glucose and increases urinary glucose
excretion
AE: UTI, yeast infection, increased urination
