NU155 EXAM 2 2026 EXAMINATION REVIEW
AND CORE CONTENT OUTLINE
◉ hypoparathyroidism. Answer: -deficiency of PTH; from accidental
removal of/damage to parathyroid
-primary: can be caused by autoimmune disease or other disease
processes
-inadaquate secretion of PTH leads to hypocalcemia
◉ hypoparathyroidism: s/s. Answer: -muscle cramps
-fatigue/weakness
-tingling/twitching
-mental & emotional changes
-dry skin
-urinary frequency
severe:
-difficulty breathing
-convulsions/seizures
-cardiac dysrhythmia
-tetany
,◉ hypoparathyroidism: DX & Treatment. Answer: DX: low calcium &
elevated phosphate; irritability; fatigue
treatment:
acute: sometimes parenteral PTH
severe hypocalcemia: IV Ca solution
chronic: oral Ca & Vit D (BFF's)
◉ hyperparathyroidism. Answer: -high in Ca low in Phos
-secretion of excess PTH
-renal stones
◉ hyperparathyroidism: pathology. Answer: -result of excessive PTH
-low phosphate
-elevated Ca
-tumor
-vit D deficiency
-chronic renal failure
◉ Hyperparathyroidism: s/s. Answer: -lethargy
-anorexia
-constipation
, -cardiac dysrythmia
◉ hyperparathyroidism: diagnosis & treatment. Answer: diagnosis:
-elevated Ca
-elevated PTH
-decreased phos
treatment:
-calcitonin will put everything back in bones
-parathyroidectomy
-Na & Phos replacements
◉ DM. Answer: -pancreas produces cells called islets of langerhans
-glucagon (alpha cells) target tissue in the liver & it increased
breakdown of glycogen to increase BGL
-insulin (beta cells) target liver, skeletal, & adipose tissue; decreases
BGL by facilitating uptake & use of glucose by cells
◉ DM1. Answer: no insulin is being made & need insulin from the
outside; beta cells are destroyed and usually finding out at a young
age
◉ DM1: risk & s/s. Answer: risk:
AND CORE CONTENT OUTLINE
◉ hypoparathyroidism. Answer: -deficiency of PTH; from accidental
removal of/damage to parathyroid
-primary: can be caused by autoimmune disease or other disease
processes
-inadaquate secretion of PTH leads to hypocalcemia
◉ hypoparathyroidism: s/s. Answer: -muscle cramps
-fatigue/weakness
-tingling/twitching
-mental & emotional changes
-dry skin
-urinary frequency
severe:
-difficulty breathing
-convulsions/seizures
-cardiac dysrhythmia
-tetany
,◉ hypoparathyroidism: DX & Treatment. Answer: DX: low calcium &
elevated phosphate; irritability; fatigue
treatment:
acute: sometimes parenteral PTH
severe hypocalcemia: IV Ca solution
chronic: oral Ca & Vit D (BFF's)
◉ hyperparathyroidism. Answer: -high in Ca low in Phos
-secretion of excess PTH
-renal stones
◉ hyperparathyroidism: pathology. Answer: -result of excessive PTH
-low phosphate
-elevated Ca
-tumor
-vit D deficiency
-chronic renal failure
◉ Hyperparathyroidism: s/s. Answer: -lethargy
-anorexia
-constipation
, -cardiac dysrythmia
◉ hyperparathyroidism: diagnosis & treatment. Answer: diagnosis:
-elevated Ca
-elevated PTH
-decreased phos
treatment:
-calcitonin will put everything back in bones
-parathyroidectomy
-Na & Phos replacements
◉ DM. Answer: -pancreas produces cells called islets of langerhans
-glucagon (alpha cells) target tissue in the liver & it increased
breakdown of glycogen to increase BGL
-insulin (beta cells) target liver, skeletal, & adipose tissue; decreases
BGL by facilitating uptake & use of glucose by cells
◉ DM1. Answer: no insulin is being made & need insulin from the
outside; beta cells are destroyed and usually finding out at a young
age
◉ DM1: risk & s/s. Answer: risk:
