BPK 105 MODULE 4 EXAM QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED SOLUTIONS LATEST UPDATE 2026

BPK 105 MODULE 4 EXAM QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED SOLUTIONS LATEST UPDATE 2026 what are the major functions of the nervous system - Answers 1. Receiving sensory input 2. Integrating information 3. Controlling muscles and glands 4. Maintaining homeostasis 5. Establishing and maintaining mental activity the nervous system is divided into two major divisions, what are they and what do they consist of - Answers the CNS (brain and spinal cord) and PNS (nervous tissue outside the CNS like nerves and ganglia) the pheripheral nervous system can be divided into two parts what are they - Answers sensory division- afferent (toward) sensory to CNS motor division-efferent (away) CNS to tissue peripheral nervous system - Answers the sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body the motor divison is divided into two systems what are they - Answers somatic- transmits action potential from CNS to skeletal muscle autonomic- transmits action potentials from CNS to cardiac muscle, smooth muscle and glands the autonomic nervous system is divided into two what are they - Answers sympathetic parasympathetic enteric nervous system - Answers part of the PNS and has both motor and sensory neruons within the digestive tract can function without input from the CNS or otehr parts of PNS true or false, can the enteric nervous system functions without input from the CNS or PNS? - Answers true what are the two types of cells that make up the nervous system - Answers glial cells and neurons neurons - Answers Individual cells in the nervous system that receive, integrate, and transmit information. -conduct action potentials whats the name of the area where the neuron leaves the axon body - Answers axon hillock an axon may remain unbranched or may branch to form ______ axons - Answers collateral what is the insulated layer in the cells - Answers myelin sheath three types of neurons - Answers multipolar neuron (many dendrites and one axon) bipolar neuron (one dendrite and one axon) pseudo unpolar neuron (single axon) CNS glial cells - Answers astrocyetes epednymal ells (CSF) microglia (immune) oligodendrocytes (insulation) PNS glial cells - Answers Schwann cells (myelin sheath/insulation ) and satellite cells what are the gaps in the myelin sheath called - Answers nodes of ranvier what is the difference between white and gray matter - Answers gray-group of neurons, cell bodies and dendrites white-bundles of parallel axons+myelin sheath white matter forms what - Answers nerve tracts an uneven charge of a cell membrane means that it is - Answers polarized in a resting cell, there is higher conc of __ inside the cell and a higher conc of ___and ___ outside the cell - Answers k+ Na and ca what does it mean to be an excitable cell? - Answers resting membrane potential changes in response to stimuli 3 stages of neuron communication - Answers generation of action potential action potential propagation along the cell membrane communication with target cell at the synapse leak channel - Answers always open gated channel - Answers A protein channel in a cell membrane that opens or closes in response to a particular stimulus. Action Potentials - Answers short periods of electrical activity at the membrane of a neuron, responsible for the transmission of signals within the neuron channels responsible for action potentials are - Answers sodium potassium channels when a cell memebrane is at rest the cvoltage gated channels are ___ - Answers closed when the inside of the cell memebrane becomes positive, the change is called - Answers depolarization if depolarization is large enough, sodium enters the cell so that it can reach _______ - Answers threshold value the outward flow of ____ repolarizes the cell membrane to its resting potential - Answers potassium when the cell is returning to resting potential it briefly becomes more negative than the resting membrane this is called - Answers hyperpolarization the resting memebrane potential is set by the activity of the - Answers leak channels action potentials occur in a _______ fashion - Answers all or none action potential conduction can occur in one of two ways - Answers continuous conduction saltatory conduction in unmyelinated axons what type of conduction occurs - Answers continuous saltatory conduction - Answers Rapid transmission of a nerve impulse along an axon, resulting from the action potential jumping from one node of Ranvier to another, skipping the myelin-sheathed regions of membrane. the variation in speed of action potential conduction depends on what? - Answers axon diameter the larger=the faster synapse - Answers the junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron presynaptic terminal - Answers (end bulb or bouton) point where an axon releases chemicals post synaptic membrane - Answers the cell membrane opposite the terminal button in a synapse; the membrane of the cell that receives the message synaptic cleft - Answers The narrow gap that separates the presynaptic neuron from the postsynaptic cell. neurotransmitters - Answers chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons neutrotransmitters are stored in - Answers synaptic vesicles when an action potential reaches the presynaptic terminal the voltage gated _____ channels open - Answers calcium an influx of calcium cause the release of neutrotransmitters by ____ from the presynaptic terminal - Answers exocytosis the neurotransmitters bind to specific receptor molecules on the ________ - Answers post synaptic memebrane what is a very common example of a neurotransmitter - Answers acetylcholine and norepinephrine list the 7 neurotransmitters - Answers ach (exci/inhib) Ne (exci) seretonin (inhib) dopamine (exci/inhib) gaba (inhib) glycine (inhib) endorphins (inhib) what breaks down ach after it is released into the synaptic cleft? - Answers achetylcholinesterase neuronal pathways - Answers converging pathway (two or more synapses) diverging pathway (neuron divids into two) summation - Answers accumulation; total result two types of summation - Answers spatial summation overlap in path temporal summation overlap in time collectivley the integration of multiple inputs determines wether a postsynaptic neuron will generate a _____ or not - Answers action potential the spinal cord extends from the ____ to the _____ - Answers foramen magnum at the base of the skull second lumbar the inferior end of the spinal cord resembles a horses tail and is called the - Answers cauda equina white vs gray mater - Answers white= mylinated and send signals to the brain goes up and down gray=responsible for the relfex arc, importnat for integration central canal - Answers fluid filled space in the center of the spinal cord explain the entry of sensory information - Answers pass through spinal nerves in the dorsal roots to the dorsal horn of the spinal cord gray matter. in the dorsal horn, the axons will either synapse with interneurons or pass into the white matter and ascend or descend in the spinal cord somatic motor neurons are in the _____ horn - Answers ventral autonomic neurons are in the ____ horn - Answers lateral refelx - Answers involuntary reaction in resposne to a stimilus applied to the periphery and transmitted to the CNS reflex arc what is it - Answers neuronal pathway which a reflex occurs explain the relfex arc pathway - Answers 1) sensory receptor 2) sensory neuron 3) synapse with interneuron 4) motor neuron 5) effector organ knee jerk reflex - Answers a variant of the stretch reflex in which stretching of the tendon beneath the knee leads to an upward kick of the leg 1️⃣ A tap on the patellar tendon stretches the quadriceps muscle. 2️⃣ Stretch receptors (muscle spindles) detect the stretch. 3️⃣ A sensory (afferent) neuron carries the signal to the spinal cord. 4️⃣ In the spinal cord, it synapses directly with a motor neuron (this makes it monosynaptic). 5️⃣ The motor neuron sends a signal back to the quadriceps. 6️⃣ The quadriceps contracts → your lower leg kicks forward. why do we do the knee jerk reflex - Answers severe spinal cord injury, all spinal reflexes are lost below the level of injury, after 2 weeks the knee jerk reflex returns but is exaggerated. if it is absent it indicates that the neurons within the brain ors spinal cord that modify this relfex have been damaged withdrawl reflex - Answers occurs repeatedly when a person unexpectedly touches a body part to something painful. this activates skin receptors and sends sensory impulses to the spinal cord, which travels through interneurons of a reflex center into the motor neurons, the motor neurons transmit signals to flexor muscles and the muscles in the injured part contract in response which of the two reflexes in monosynaptic/polysynaptic - Answers withdrawl=polysynaptic knee jerk=monosynaptic 4 major regions of the brain - Answers brainstem cerebellum diencephalon cerebrum brainstep conncets the spinal cord to the remainder of the brain it consisits of 3 parts - Answers pons, medulla oblongata and the midbrain what does the brainstem control - Answers vital body functions such as heart rate blood pressure and breathing what is the medulla oblaongata - Answers inferior portion of the brainstem regualtion of heart rate blood vessel diameter breathing swallowing vomiting coughing sneezing balance and coordination two prominent enlagments on the medulla oblongata= - Answers pyramids transmit action potentials from the brain to somatic motor neurons of the spinal cord and are involved in the consiou control of skeletal muscles what is the pons - Answers superior to the medulla oblongata