NR 507 Exam 2: Advanced Pathophysiology V2 -
Chamberlain University Updated and Latest Questions and
Correct Answers with Rationale
1. Which hormone deficiency is primarily responsible for the development of anemia in patients with
chronic kidney disease?
A. Aldosterone
B. Renin
C. Antidiuretic hormone
D. Erythropoietin
Ans: D
Explanation: Chronic kidney disease leads to a significant decrease in the production of erythropoietin.
This hormone is synthesized by the kidneys to stimulate red blood cell production in the bone marrow.
When levels drop, the bone marrow produces fewer cells, leading to anemia. Patients often present with
fatigue and pallor due to reduced oxygen delivery. Exogenous erythropoiesis-stimulating agents are
frequently used to manage this condition.
2. Which clinical finding is a hallmark of nephrotic syndrome?
A. Heavy proteinuria
B. Gross hematuria
C. Low blood pressure
D. Hyperkalemia
Ans: A
,Explanation: Nephrotic syndrome is characterized by a massive loss of protein in the urine. This occurs
due to increased permeability of the glomerular basement membrane. The loss of albumin leads to a
decrease in plasma oncotic pressure. Consequently, patients experience significant peripheral edema and
fluid retention. Heavy proteinuria is defined as excretion of more than 3.5 grams per day.
3. A patient with left-sided heart failure develops pulmonary edema. What is the primary mechanism?
A. Increased pulmonary capillary hydrostatic pressure
B. Decreased capillary permeability
C. Increased capillary oncotic pressure
D. Decreased lymphatic drainage
Ans: A
Explanation: Left-sided heart failure causes blood to back up into the pulmonary circulation. This
congestion increases the hydrostatic pressure within the pulmonary capillaries. When hydrostatic
pressure exceeds oncotic pressure, fluid is pushed into the alveoli. This process impairs gas exchange and
causes severe shortness of breath. Treatment focuses on reducing preload and improving cardiac output.
4. Acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis is classified as which type of hypersensitivity reaction?
A. Type I
B. Type III
C. Type II
D. Type IV
Ans: B
, Explanation: Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis involves the formation of antigen-antibody
complexes in the bloodstream. These immune complexes are deposited in the glomerular basement
membrane over time. This deposition triggers an inflammatory response that damages the filtration
barrier. It typically occurs several weeks after a skin or throat infection. It is considered a Type III
hypersensitivity reaction because of these complexes.
5. What is the most common cause of prerenal acute kidney injury?
A. Kidney stones
B. Hypovolemia
C. Aminoglycoside toxicity
D. Glomerulonephritis
Ans: B
Explanation: Prerenal acute kidney injury is caused by factors that reduce blood flow to the kidneys.
Hypovolemia from dehydration or hemorrhage is the most frequent trigger for this state. Without
adequate perfusion, the glomerular filtration rate drops significantly. The kidney tissue itself remains
initially healthy but cannot function without blood. Prompt fluid resuscitation can often reverse this type
of injury quickly.
6. Which immune cell is primarily responsible for the early phase of an asthma attack?
A. Neutrophils
B. T lymphocytes
C. Macrophages
D. Mast cells
Ans: D
Chamberlain University Updated and Latest Questions and
Correct Answers with Rationale
1. Which hormone deficiency is primarily responsible for the development of anemia in patients with
chronic kidney disease?
A. Aldosterone
B. Renin
C. Antidiuretic hormone
D. Erythropoietin
Ans: D
Explanation: Chronic kidney disease leads to a significant decrease in the production of erythropoietin.
This hormone is synthesized by the kidneys to stimulate red blood cell production in the bone marrow.
When levels drop, the bone marrow produces fewer cells, leading to anemia. Patients often present with
fatigue and pallor due to reduced oxygen delivery. Exogenous erythropoiesis-stimulating agents are
frequently used to manage this condition.
2. Which clinical finding is a hallmark of nephrotic syndrome?
A. Heavy proteinuria
B. Gross hematuria
C. Low blood pressure
D. Hyperkalemia
Ans: A
,Explanation: Nephrotic syndrome is characterized by a massive loss of protein in the urine. This occurs
due to increased permeability of the glomerular basement membrane. The loss of albumin leads to a
decrease in plasma oncotic pressure. Consequently, patients experience significant peripheral edema and
fluid retention. Heavy proteinuria is defined as excretion of more than 3.5 grams per day.
3. A patient with left-sided heart failure develops pulmonary edema. What is the primary mechanism?
A. Increased pulmonary capillary hydrostatic pressure
B. Decreased capillary permeability
C. Increased capillary oncotic pressure
D. Decreased lymphatic drainage
Ans: A
Explanation: Left-sided heart failure causes blood to back up into the pulmonary circulation. This
congestion increases the hydrostatic pressure within the pulmonary capillaries. When hydrostatic
pressure exceeds oncotic pressure, fluid is pushed into the alveoli. This process impairs gas exchange and
causes severe shortness of breath. Treatment focuses on reducing preload and improving cardiac output.
4. Acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis is classified as which type of hypersensitivity reaction?
A. Type I
B. Type III
C. Type II
D. Type IV
Ans: B
, Explanation: Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis involves the formation of antigen-antibody
complexes in the bloodstream. These immune complexes are deposited in the glomerular basement
membrane over time. This deposition triggers an inflammatory response that damages the filtration
barrier. It typically occurs several weeks after a skin or throat infection. It is considered a Type III
hypersensitivity reaction because of these complexes.
5. What is the most common cause of prerenal acute kidney injury?
A. Kidney stones
B. Hypovolemia
C. Aminoglycoside toxicity
D. Glomerulonephritis
Ans: B
Explanation: Prerenal acute kidney injury is caused by factors that reduce blood flow to the kidneys.
Hypovolemia from dehydration or hemorrhage is the most frequent trigger for this state. Without
adequate perfusion, the glomerular filtration rate drops significantly. The kidney tissue itself remains
initially healthy but cannot function without blood. Prompt fluid resuscitation can often reverse this type
of injury quickly.
6. Which immune cell is primarily responsible for the early phase of an asthma attack?
A. Neutrophils
B. T lymphocytes
C. Macrophages
D. Mast cells
Ans: D
