WGU D278 Scripting and Programming -
Foundations
Answers questions
!= A __ b means a is not equal to b.
_ _ is called an underscore.
< A __ b means a is less-than b.
<= A __ b means a is less-than-or-equal to b.
== A __ b means a is equal to b.
> A __ b means a is greater-than b.
>= A __ b means a is greater-than-or-equal to b.
0-1 knapsack problem __: The knapsack problem with the quantity of each item limited to 1.
abstract data type / ADT An abstract data type (ADT) is a data type whose creation and
update are constrained to specific well-defined operations.
Abstraction / information hiding / encapsulation Abstraction means to have a user interact with an item at a high-level,
with lower- level internal details hidden from the user (aka information
hiding or encapsulation).
activity diagram A UML __ is a flowchart, similar to zyFlowchart, used to describe the
flow of an activity or set of activities.
addition / + The addition operator is +, as in x + y.
,agile approach / spiral approach A program can be built by doing small amounts of each SDLC phases in
sequence, and then repeating, known as the agile approach (or spiral
approach).
agricultural age Civilization's earlier __ lasted many thousands of years.
algorithm An __ is a sequence of steps that solves a problem, generating correct
output for any valid input values.
Algorithm efficiency __ is typically measured by the algorithm's computational complexity.
algorithm time efficiency Algorithm time efficiency: The number of calculations required to solve a
problem.
analysis The __ phase determines the goals and requirements for a system.
argument An __ is a value provided to a function's parameter during a function call.
Any function input values, or __, appear within ( ), and are separated by
commas if more than one.
array An __ is a special variable having one name, but storing a list of data
items, with each item being directly accessible.
ASCII __ is a popular code for characters.
assignment statement An __ assigns the variable on the left-side of the = with the current
value of the right-side expression.
auxiliary space complexity An algorithm's __ is the space complexity not including the input data.
behavioral diagram A __ visualizes dynamic behavior of software, such as the flow of an
algorithm.
best case An algorithm's __ is the scenario where the algorithm does the minimum
possible number of operations.
binary numbers Computers can only represent two values (0 or 1), so base two numbers,
known as
__ ("bi" refers to two).
Binary search __ is a faster algorithm for searching a list if the list's elements are
sorted and directly accessible (such as an array). Divides an item into two
halves, runs a test to decide in which half something lies, and repeats
the binary search on that half.
bit A single 0 or 1 is called a __.
Boolean A __ is a type that has just two values: true or false.
braces { } are __ .
brackets [ ] are __ .
, branch In a program, a __ is a sequence of statements only executed under a
certain condition.
bug / debugging In a program, a problem's cause is called a bug, and troubleshooting
is called debugging.
byte Eight bits, like 11000101, are called a __.
case sensitive Identifiers are __, meaning upper and lower case letters differ.
character A __ includes any letter (a-z, A-Z), digit (0-9), or symbol (~, !, @, etc.).
class A __ is a code blueprint for creating an object that is composed of data
members and functions that operate on those data members.
class diagram A UML __ is a structural diagram that can be used to visually model the
classes of a computer program, including data members and
functions.
comment A __ is text a programmer adds to a program, to be read by humans to
better understand the code, but ignored by the program when
executing.
compiled language / compiler A program written in a compiled language is first converted by a tool
(compiler) into machine code, which can run on a particular machine.
Computational complexity __ is the amount of resources used by the algorithm.
computational problem A __ specifies an input, a question about the input that can be answered
using a computer, and the desired output.
computational thinking The thought processes needed to build correct, precise, logical programs
is sometimes called __ and has benefits beyond programming.
computer chip By the 1970's, an entire computer could fit on one coin-sized device known
as a __.
constant A __ is a named value item that holds a value that cannot change.
Coral __: A simple language for learning to program.
cursor A __ indicates where the next output item will be placed in the output.
debug output statements Another debugging process is to insert __ whose output helps determine
whether the preceding statement has the bug.
decimal numbers Because early humans represented values using ten fingers, humans
developed base ten numbers, known as __ ("dec" refers to ten).
decision In Coral flowcharts, a __ creates two branches: If the __'s expression is
true, the first branch executes, else the second branch executes.
Afterwards, the branches rejoin.
Foundations
Answers questions
!= A __ b means a is not equal to b.
_ _ is called an underscore.
< A __ b means a is less-than b.
<= A __ b means a is less-than-or-equal to b.
== A __ b means a is equal to b.
> A __ b means a is greater-than b.
>= A __ b means a is greater-than-or-equal to b.
0-1 knapsack problem __: The knapsack problem with the quantity of each item limited to 1.
abstract data type / ADT An abstract data type (ADT) is a data type whose creation and
update are constrained to specific well-defined operations.
Abstraction / information hiding / encapsulation Abstraction means to have a user interact with an item at a high-level,
with lower- level internal details hidden from the user (aka information
hiding or encapsulation).
activity diagram A UML __ is a flowchart, similar to zyFlowchart, used to describe the
flow of an activity or set of activities.
addition / + The addition operator is +, as in x + y.
,agile approach / spiral approach A program can be built by doing small amounts of each SDLC phases in
sequence, and then repeating, known as the agile approach (or spiral
approach).
agricultural age Civilization's earlier __ lasted many thousands of years.
algorithm An __ is a sequence of steps that solves a problem, generating correct
output for any valid input values.
Algorithm efficiency __ is typically measured by the algorithm's computational complexity.
algorithm time efficiency Algorithm time efficiency: The number of calculations required to solve a
problem.
analysis The __ phase determines the goals and requirements for a system.
argument An __ is a value provided to a function's parameter during a function call.
Any function input values, or __, appear within ( ), and are separated by
commas if more than one.
array An __ is a special variable having one name, but storing a list of data
items, with each item being directly accessible.
ASCII __ is a popular code for characters.
assignment statement An __ assigns the variable on the left-side of the = with the current
value of the right-side expression.
auxiliary space complexity An algorithm's __ is the space complexity not including the input data.
behavioral diagram A __ visualizes dynamic behavior of software, such as the flow of an
algorithm.
best case An algorithm's __ is the scenario where the algorithm does the minimum
possible number of operations.
binary numbers Computers can only represent two values (0 or 1), so base two numbers,
known as
__ ("bi" refers to two).
Binary search __ is a faster algorithm for searching a list if the list's elements are
sorted and directly accessible (such as an array). Divides an item into two
halves, runs a test to decide in which half something lies, and repeats
the binary search on that half.
bit A single 0 or 1 is called a __.
Boolean A __ is a type that has just two values: true or false.
braces { } are __ .
brackets [ ] are __ .
, branch In a program, a __ is a sequence of statements only executed under a
certain condition.
bug / debugging In a program, a problem's cause is called a bug, and troubleshooting
is called debugging.
byte Eight bits, like 11000101, are called a __.
case sensitive Identifiers are __, meaning upper and lower case letters differ.
character A __ includes any letter (a-z, A-Z), digit (0-9), or symbol (~, !, @, etc.).
class A __ is a code blueprint for creating an object that is composed of data
members and functions that operate on those data members.
class diagram A UML __ is a structural diagram that can be used to visually model the
classes of a computer program, including data members and
functions.
comment A __ is text a programmer adds to a program, to be read by humans to
better understand the code, but ignored by the program when
executing.
compiled language / compiler A program written in a compiled language is first converted by a tool
(compiler) into machine code, which can run on a particular machine.
Computational complexity __ is the amount of resources used by the algorithm.
computational problem A __ specifies an input, a question about the input that can be answered
using a computer, and the desired output.
computational thinking The thought processes needed to build correct, precise, logical programs
is sometimes called __ and has benefits beyond programming.
computer chip By the 1970's, an entire computer could fit on one coin-sized device known
as a __.
constant A __ is a named value item that holds a value that cannot change.
Coral __: A simple language for learning to program.
cursor A __ indicates where the next output item will be placed in the output.
debug output statements Another debugging process is to insert __ whose output helps determine
whether the preceding statement has the bug.
decimal numbers Because early humans represented values using ten fingers, humans
developed base ten numbers, known as __ ("dec" refers to ten).
decision In Coral flowcharts, a __ creates two branches: If the __'s expression is
true, the first branch executes, else the second branch executes.
Afterwards, the branches rejoin.
