Queen's University CHEM 112 - Sem 2 - Final Exam Questions And Answers Well Elaborated

Chemical Kinetics - correct answers How long reactions take, appearance of products, disappearance of reactants, concentration change, determining the rate of reactions Rate equation - correct answers k[A]^x[B]^y Overall order equation - correct answers x + y Rate law - correct answers define the rate of reaction, will have concentration/time units Orders - correct answers the exponents that are unrelated to coefficients, determined experimentally Orders can be positive/negative/fractions/decimals Zero Order - correct answers [A] = -kt + [A]0 First Order - correct answers ln[A] = -kt + ln[A]0 Second Order - correct answers 1/[A] = -kt + 1/[A]0 Half life - correct answers Amount of time for reactant to decrease by half Half life equation - correct answers ln2/k Endothermic - correct answers Energy is greater in the products than the reactants, therefore energy is absorbed. Exothermic - correct answers Energy is greater in the reactants than the products, therefore energy is released. Rate constant equations - correct answers Ae^(+Ea/RT), ln(K2/K1) = -Ea/R(1/T2 - 1/T1), ln2/(t1/2) Electrophile - correct answers Seeks an atom or molecule containing available e- pair Nucleophile - correct answers Forms bonds by donating free e- pairs Leaving Group - correct answers Found on nucleophile, leaves to go bond Direction of arrows - correct answers from nucleophile to electrophile Reactivity influences - correct answers Electronegativity, Delocalization, Steric Hindrance, Induction, Atomic Size nucleophile strength factors - correct answers Negativity is always best, increases as electronegativity decreases, Anything with FON is weak, increases as steric bulk decreases Kc equation - correct answers [products]/[reactants] Kp equation - correct answers Kc(RT)^∆n Reaction quotient equation - correct answers [C]^c [D]^d / [A]^a [B]^b Difference between Q and K - correct answers Q changes over time Le Châtelier's Principle - correct answers Changes to a system at equilibrium will result in predictable and opposing changes to achieve a new equilibrium state Reactant concentration increases - correct answers Product formation is favoured → Shift Right Product concentration increases - correct answers Reactant formation is favoured → Shift Left Pressure Increases/Volume Decreases - correct answers Side with fewer gas molecules is favoured Pressure Decreases/Volume Increases - correct answers Side with more gas molecules is favoured Temperature Increases - correct answers Endothermic reaction is favoured Temperature Decreases - correct answers Exothermic reaction is favoured Strong Acids - correct answers All reactants get converted to products, Releases H+ ions, No Ka value Strong Acid List - correct answers HClO4 HBr HCl HI HNO3 HClO3 H2SO4 pH equation - correct answers -log10[H+] H+ equation - correct answers 10^-pH Strong Bases - correct answers All reactants converted, Releases OH- ions, No Kb value (OR BIG), Strong base makeup - correct answers Has group 1 or 2 metals + OH-, O2, H- pOH equation - correct answers -log10^[OH-] OH- equation - correct answers 10^-pOH Weak Acids - correct answers Proton donor, Associated Ka Weak bases - correct answers Proton acceptor, associated Kb Kw equation - correct answers Ka*Kb Buffers - correct answers Resist pH change, Formed from initial concentration of weak acid and conjugate base, Formed from initial concentration of weak base and conjugate acid Buffer Capacity - correct answers pKa +/- 1 Nonstandard pH equation - correct answers pKa + log ([base]/[acid]) Ksp equation - correct answers [A]^x[B]^y Oxidization - correct answers Lose electrons, becomes more positive Reductions - correct answers Gain electrons, become more negative Oxidizing agent - correct answers undergoes reduction Reducing agent - correct answers undergoes oxidation Reduction happens... - correct answers at the Cathode, RED CAT Oxidation happens... - correct answers at the Anode, AN OX E°cell equation - correct answers E°cathode - E°anode Standard Potentials - correct answers measured at 298 K, 1 atm, and with 1 M solutions. Galvanic/Voltaic - correct answers Spontaneous, E°Cell 0, and ∆G 0, stored power Electrolytic - correct answers non-spontaneous, E°Cell 0, and ∆G 0, needs external power Nernst Equation (Ecell) - correct answers E°cell - (RT/nF)lnQ Entropy - correct answers decreases as distance between particles gets smaller, increases as distance between particles gets bigger Gibbs Free Energy - correct answers G = H - TS Negative G - correct answers spontaneous Positive G - correct answers reverse reaction ∆G° equation - correct answers -RTlnK ∆G of reaction equation - correct answers Σ(coefficients)∆Gproducts - Σ(coefficients)∆Greactants ∆G eqautition - correct answers -RTlnQ