ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
NURS 6501 WALDEN UNIVERSITY
EXAM QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT
SOLUTIONS||100% GUARANTEED
PASS||UPDATED 2026/2027
SYLLABUS||<<NEWEST VERSION>>
1) What does DNA polymerase do? - ANSWER ✓ Joins individual
nucleotides to make complementary strands and proofreads the sequence of
bases and corrects errors
2) What is transcription? - ANSWER ✓ The process of making RNA from
DNA
3) What is translation? - ANSWER ✓ the decoding of an mRNA message into
a protein
4) What are diploid somatic cells? - ANSWER ✓ Body Cells
5) What are haploid gametes? - ANSWER ✓ sperm and egg cells
6) What is a karyotype? - ANSWER ✓ A display of every pair of homologous
chromosomes within a cell, organized according to size and shape
7) How common are chromosome abnormalities? - ANSWER ✓ 1 in 150 live
births, leading cause of mental retardation and miscarriage
8) What is polyploidy? - ANSWER ✓ condition in which an organism has
extra sets of chromosomes
9) What is aneuploidy? - ANSWER ✓ Abnormal number of chromosomes.
,10) What is trisomy? - ANSWER ✓ 3 copies of a chromosome
11) What is monosomy? - ANSWER ✓ missing one chromosome
12) What are alleles? - ANSWER ✓ different versions of the same gene
13) Compare monosomies and trisomes - ANSWER ✓ monosomies
cause more severe physical defects than do trisomies, illustrating the
principle that the loss of chromosome material has more severe
consequences than the duplication of chromosome material.
14) What are the four abnormalities of chromosome structures? -
ANSWER ✓ deletions, duplications, inversions, and translocations.
15) What is a locus? - ANSWER ✓ the precise location of a gene on a
chromosome
16) What is genomic imprinting? - ANSWER ✓ The silencing of a gene
that is 'stamped' with an imprint during gamete production.
17) What is epigenetics? - ANSWER ✓ the study of how the
environment affects which genes are expressed
18) Recurrence risk for autosomal dominant diseases - ANSWER ✓ 50%
19) Recurrence risk for autosomal recessive diseases - ANSWER ✓ 25%
20) What is consanguinity? - ANSWER ✓ marriage between blood
relatives
21) What gene determines sex? - ANSWER ✓ SRY gene, typically on
the Y chromosome. If a Y chromosome lacks SRY gene an XY female can
be produced, also if an X chromosome has an SRY gene an XX male may be
produced
22) What is a sex-influenced trait? - ANSWER ✓ sex influenced
inheritance are genetic trends based on sex
23) -i.e. gene that expresses for baldness in men does not for women
,24) Why would X-linked recessive genes be seen more in males? -
ANSWER ✓ because males need only one copy of the gene to express the
disease
25) Why are skipped generation diseases seen in X-linked diseases? -
ANSWER ✓ Biologic fathers cannot pass X-linked genes to their sons and
the gene can be transmitted through carrier females
26) What is a sex limited characteristic? - ANSWER ✓ one that occurs
only in one sex
27) What are polygenic traits? - ANSWER ✓ traits that are controlled by
two or more genes
28) Prediction of disease - ANSWER ✓ A marker locus, when closely
linked to a disease-gene locus, can be used to predict whether an individual
will develop a genetic disease.
29) What are multifactorial traits? - ANSWER ✓ traits that depend on
multiple genes combined with environmental influences
30) What is cellular adaptation? - ANSWER ✓ a reversible, structural, or
functional response both to normal or physiologic conditions and to adverse
or pathologic conditions
31) What is the threshold of liability? - ANSWER ✓ In many
multifactorial traits, once the threshold of liability has been crossed, the
disease may be expressed.
32) What is atrophy? - ANSWER ✓ decrease in cell size
33) What are the most commonly seen adaptive cell changes? - ANSWER
✓ atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, and metaplasia.
34) What is hypertrophy? - ANSWER ✓ increase in cell size
, 35) What mechanisms cause atrophy? - ANSWER ✓ include decreased
protein synthesis, increased protein catabolism, or both
36) What is hyperplasia? - ANSWER ✓ increase in number of cells
caused by increased rate of cellular division
37) What happens with hypertrophy? - ANSWER ✓ The amounts of
protein in the plasma membrane, ER, microfilaments, and mitochondria
increase
38) What is metaplasia? - ANSWER ✓ a change in stress on an organ
that leads to a change in cell type
39) Most commonly involves a change of one type of surface epithelium
to another
40) *metaplastic cells are better able to handle the new stress
41) metaplasia occurs via reprogramming of stem cells which then
produce the new cell type
42) What are free radicals? - ANSWER ✓ unstable oxygen-containing
molecules that can damage the cells of the body and possibly contribute to
the increased risk of chronic diseases
43) What is dysplasia? - ANSWER ✓ an abnormal change in the size,
shape, and organization of mature tissue cells. It is considered atypical rather
than a true adaptational change.
44) What can cause cell injury? - ANSWER ✓ lack of oxygen (hypoxia),
free radicals, caustic or toxic chemicals, infectious agents, inflammatory and
immune responses, genetic factors, insufficient nutrients, or physical and
mechanical trauma from many causes
45) What are the four biochemical themes associated with cell injury? -
ANSWER ✓ (1) ATP depletion, resulting in mitochondrial damage; (2)
accumulation of oxygen and oxygen-derived free radicals, causing
membrane damage; (3) protein folding defects; and (4) increased
intracellular calcium concentration and loss of calcium steady state.
46) What is the sequence of events in cell death? - ANSWER ✓
decreased ATP production, failure of active transport mechanisms (the
NURS 6501 WALDEN UNIVERSITY
EXAM QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT
SOLUTIONS||100% GUARANTEED
PASS||UPDATED 2026/2027
SYLLABUS||<<NEWEST VERSION>>
1) What does DNA polymerase do? - ANSWER ✓ Joins individual
nucleotides to make complementary strands and proofreads the sequence of
bases and corrects errors
2) What is transcription? - ANSWER ✓ The process of making RNA from
DNA
3) What is translation? - ANSWER ✓ the decoding of an mRNA message into
a protein
4) What are diploid somatic cells? - ANSWER ✓ Body Cells
5) What are haploid gametes? - ANSWER ✓ sperm and egg cells
6) What is a karyotype? - ANSWER ✓ A display of every pair of homologous
chromosomes within a cell, organized according to size and shape
7) How common are chromosome abnormalities? - ANSWER ✓ 1 in 150 live
births, leading cause of mental retardation and miscarriage
8) What is polyploidy? - ANSWER ✓ condition in which an organism has
extra sets of chromosomes
9) What is aneuploidy? - ANSWER ✓ Abnormal number of chromosomes.
,10) What is trisomy? - ANSWER ✓ 3 copies of a chromosome
11) What is monosomy? - ANSWER ✓ missing one chromosome
12) What are alleles? - ANSWER ✓ different versions of the same gene
13) Compare monosomies and trisomes - ANSWER ✓ monosomies
cause more severe physical defects than do trisomies, illustrating the
principle that the loss of chromosome material has more severe
consequences than the duplication of chromosome material.
14) What are the four abnormalities of chromosome structures? -
ANSWER ✓ deletions, duplications, inversions, and translocations.
15) What is a locus? - ANSWER ✓ the precise location of a gene on a
chromosome
16) What is genomic imprinting? - ANSWER ✓ The silencing of a gene
that is 'stamped' with an imprint during gamete production.
17) What is epigenetics? - ANSWER ✓ the study of how the
environment affects which genes are expressed
18) Recurrence risk for autosomal dominant diseases - ANSWER ✓ 50%
19) Recurrence risk for autosomal recessive diseases - ANSWER ✓ 25%
20) What is consanguinity? - ANSWER ✓ marriage between blood
relatives
21) What gene determines sex? - ANSWER ✓ SRY gene, typically on
the Y chromosome. If a Y chromosome lacks SRY gene an XY female can
be produced, also if an X chromosome has an SRY gene an XX male may be
produced
22) What is a sex-influenced trait? - ANSWER ✓ sex influenced
inheritance are genetic trends based on sex
23) -i.e. gene that expresses for baldness in men does not for women
,24) Why would X-linked recessive genes be seen more in males? -
ANSWER ✓ because males need only one copy of the gene to express the
disease
25) Why are skipped generation diseases seen in X-linked diseases? -
ANSWER ✓ Biologic fathers cannot pass X-linked genes to their sons and
the gene can be transmitted through carrier females
26) What is a sex limited characteristic? - ANSWER ✓ one that occurs
only in one sex
27) What are polygenic traits? - ANSWER ✓ traits that are controlled by
two or more genes
28) Prediction of disease - ANSWER ✓ A marker locus, when closely
linked to a disease-gene locus, can be used to predict whether an individual
will develop a genetic disease.
29) What are multifactorial traits? - ANSWER ✓ traits that depend on
multiple genes combined with environmental influences
30) What is cellular adaptation? - ANSWER ✓ a reversible, structural, or
functional response both to normal or physiologic conditions and to adverse
or pathologic conditions
31) What is the threshold of liability? - ANSWER ✓ In many
multifactorial traits, once the threshold of liability has been crossed, the
disease may be expressed.
32) What is atrophy? - ANSWER ✓ decrease in cell size
33) What are the most commonly seen adaptive cell changes? - ANSWER
✓ atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, and metaplasia.
34) What is hypertrophy? - ANSWER ✓ increase in cell size
, 35) What mechanisms cause atrophy? - ANSWER ✓ include decreased
protein synthesis, increased protein catabolism, or both
36) What is hyperplasia? - ANSWER ✓ increase in number of cells
caused by increased rate of cellular division
37) What happens with hypertrophy? - ANSWER ✓ The amounts of
protein in the plasma membrane, ER, microfilaments, and mitochondria
increase
38) What is metaplasia? - ANSWER ✓ a change in stress on an organ
that leads to a change in cell type
39) Most commonly involves a change of one type of surface epithelium
to another
40) *metaplastic cells are better able to handle the new stress
41) metaplasia occurs via reprogramming of stem cells which then
produce the new cell type
42) What are free radicals? - ANSWER ✓ unstable oxygen-containing
molecules that can damage the cells of the body and possibly contribute to
the increased risk of chronic diseases
43) What is dysplasia? - ANSWER ✓ an abnormal change in the size,
shape, and organization of mature tissue cells. It is considered atypical rather
than a true adaptational change.
44) What can cause cell injury? - ANSWER ✓ lack of oxygen (hypoxia),
free radicals, caustic or toxic chemicals, infectious agents, inflammatory and
immune responses, genetic factors, insufficient nutrients, or physical and
mechanical trauma from many causes
45) What are the four biochemical themes associated with cell injury? -
ANSWER ✓ (1) ATP depletion, resulting in mitochondrial damage; (2)
accumulation of oxygen and oxygen-derived free radicals, causing
membrane damage; (3) protein folding defects; and (4) increased
intracellular calcium concentration and loss of calcium steady state.
46) What is the sequence of events in cell death? - ANSWER ✓
decreased ATP production, failure of active transport mechanisms (the
