WGU D334 OBJECTIVE ASSESSMENT
CERTIFICATION PAPER 2026 FULL
ANSWERS ALREADY PASSED
⩥ What did WPA replace RC4 with? Answer: TKIP (Temporal Key
Integrity Protocol)
⩥ N denotes natural numbers. These are also sometimes called the
counting numbers. They are 1, 2, 3, etc.
Z denotes the integers. These are whole numbers such as -1, 0, 1, 2, etc.
Basically, this set is the natural numbers combined with zero and the
negative numbers.
Q denotes rational numbers (or the ratios of integers). They are any
number that can be expressed as a ratio of two integers. Examples are
3/2, 17/4, and 1/5.
R denotes real numbers. This includes the rational number as well as
numbers that cannot be expressed as a ratio of two integers, such as 2/3.
i denotes imaginary numbers. These are numbers whose square is a
negative. For example, √-1 = 1i.. Answer: Explain the number
groupings: N, Z, Q, R, i
,⩥ An encryption function for fixed-size blocks of data. The current
generation has a block size of 128 bits (16 bytes).. Answer: block cipher
⩥ To encrypt with a block cipher, we need a ___________.. Answer:
secret key
⩥ Don't ever trust a ____________ or ________________.
(Kerckhoffs's Principle). Answer: secret block cipher; secret algorithm
⩥ A protocol for online shopping with a credit card. One of its features
is that it encrypts the credit card number so that an eavesdropper cannot
copy it.. Answer: SET
⩥ _______________ is the worst enemy of security, and it almost
always comes in the form of features or options.. Answer: Complexity
⩥ ______________ is a measure of how many things interact at any one
point. If the effect of an option is limited to a small part of the program,
then it cannot interact with an option whose effect is limited to another
part of the program.. Answer: Complexity
⩥ The original message, m is called the ______________.. Answer:
plaintext
,⩥ The public-key algorithms are used to establish _________, which in
turn is used to encrypt the actual data. This combines the flexibility of
public-key cryptography with the efficiency of symmetric-key
cryptography.. Answer: a secret key
⩥ Digital signatures are the public-key equivalent of
______________________.. Answer: message authentication codes
⩥ For practical reasons, a PKI is often set up with multiple levels of
CAs. There is a top-level CA, called the ________, which issues
certificates on the keys of lower-level CAs, which in turn certify the user
keys.. Answer: root
⩥ A ____________________ is what most people mean when talking
about breaking an encryption system. This is the situation in which Alice
and Bob are encrypting their data, and all you as the attacker get to see is
the ciphertext. Trying to decrypt a message if you only know the
ciphertext is called a ciphertext-only attack. This is the most difficult
type of attack, because you have the least amount of information..
Answer: ciphertext-only attack
⩥ A ________________ is one in which you know both the plaintext
and the ciphertext. The most obvious goal is to find the decryption key..
Answer: known-plaintext attack
, ⩥ A known-plaintext attack is more powerful than a ciphertext-only
attack.
A True
B False. Answer: A
⩥ A __________________ is any nontrivial method that detects a
difference between the ideal encryption scheme and the actual one. This
covers all the attacks we have discussed so far, as well as any yet-to-be-
discovered attacks.. Answer: distinguishing attack
⩥ A ____________________is an attack that depends on the fact that
duplicate values, also called collisions, appear much faster than you
would expect.. Answer: Birthday attack
⩥ An __________________ attack is one that tries all possible values
for some target object, like the key. If an attack requires 2^235 steps of
work, then this corresponds to an exhaustive search for a 235-bit value..
Answer: exhaustive search
⩥ First introduced by Eli Biham in 1993, a ___________ attack assumes
that the attacker has access to several encryption functions. These
functions all have an unknown key, but their keys have a relationship
that the attacker knows.. Answer: related-key
CERTIFICATION PAPER 2026 FULL
ANSWERS ALREADY PASSED
⩥ What did WPA replace RC4 with? Answer: TKIP (Temporal Key
Integrity Protocol)
⩥ N denotes natural numbers. These are also sometimes called the
counting numbers. They are 1, 2, 3, etc.
Z denotes the integers. These are whole numbers such as -1, 0, 1, 2, etc.
Basically, this set is the natural numbers combined with zero and the
negative numbers.
Q denotes rational numbers (or the ratios of integers). They are any
number that can be expressed as a ratio of two integers. Examples are
3/2, 17/4, and 1/5.
R denotes real numbers. This includes the rational number as well as
numbers that cannot be expressed as a ratio of two integers, such as 2/3.
i denotes imaginary numbers. These are numbers whose square is a
negative. For example, √-1 = 1i.. Answer: Explain the number
groupings: N, Z, Q, R, i
,⩥ An encryption function for fixed-size blocks of data. The current
generation has a block size of 128 bits (16 bytes).. Answer: block cipher
⩥ To encrypt with a block cipher, we need a ___________.. Answer:
secret key
⩥ Don't ever trust a ____________ or ________________.
(Kerckhoffs's Principle). Answer: secret block cipher; secret algorithm
⩥ A protocol for online shopping with a credit card. One of its features
is that it encrypts the credit card number so that an eavesdropper cannot
copy it.. Answer: SET
⩥ _______________ is the worst enemy of security, and it almost
always comes in the form of features or options.. Answer: Complexity
⩥ ______________ is a measure of how many things interact at any one
point. If the effect of an option is limited to a small part of the program,
then it cannot interact with an option whose effect is limited to another
part of the program.. Answer: Complexity
⩥ The original message, m is called the ______________.. Answer:
plaintext
,⩥ The public-key algorithms are used to establish _________, which in
turn is used to encrypt the actual data. This combines the flexibility of
public-key cryptography with the efficiency of symmetric-key
cryptography.. Answer: a secret key
⩥ Digital signatures are the public-key equivalent of
______________________.. Answer: message authentication codes
⩥ For practical reasons, a PKI is often set up with multiple levels of
CAs. There is a top-level CA, called the ________, which issues
certificates on the keys of lower-level CAs, which in turn certify the user
keys.. Answer: root
⩥ A ____________________ is what most people mean when talking
about breaking an encryption system. This is the situation in which Alice
and Bob are encrypting their data, and all you as the attacker get to see is
the ciphertext. Trying to decrypt a message if you only know the
ciphertext is called a ciphertext-only attack. This is the most difficult
type of attack, because you have the least amount of information..
Answer: ciphertext-only attack
⩥ A ________________ is one in which you know both the plaintext
and the ciphertext. The most obvious goal is to find the decryption key..
Answer: known-plaintext attack
, ⩥ A known-plaintext attack is more powerful than a ciphertext-only
attack.
A True
B False. Answer: A
⩥ A __________________ is any nontrivial method that detects a
difference between the ideal encryption scheme and the actual one. This
covers all the attacks we have discussed so far, as well as any yet-to-be-
discovered attacks.. Answer: distinguishing attack
⩥ A ____________________is an attack that depends on the fact that
duplicate values, also called collisions, appear much faster than you
would expect.. Answer: Birthday attack
⩥ An __________________ attack is one that tries all possible values
for some target object, like the key. If an attack requires 2^235 steps of
work, then this corresponds to an exhaustive search for a 235-bit value..
Answer: exhaustive search
⩥ First introduced by Eli Biham in 1993, a ___________ attack assumes
that the attacker has access to several encryption functions. These
functions all have an unknown key, but their keys have a relationship
that the attacker knows.. Answer: related-key
