WGU D373 MARKETING IN THE DIGITAL
ERA FINAL EXAM COMPREHENSIVE EXAM
2026 FULL QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED
ANSWERS
⫸ machine language Answer: The language made up of binary-coded
instructions that is used directly by the computer
⫸ system software Answer: The set of programs that enables a
computer's hardware devices and application software to work together;
it includes the operating system and utility programs.
⫸ operating system Answer: (computer science) software that controls
the execution of computer programs and may provide various services
⫸ Assembly Language Answer: Programming language that has the
same structure and set of commands as machine languages but allows
programmers to use symbolic representations of numeric machine code.
⫸ IBM 360/91 Answer: Introduced many new concepts, including
dynamic detection of memory hazards, generalized forwarding, and
reservation stations. Tomasulo's algorithm
The internal organization of the 360/91 shares many features with the
Pentium III and Pentium 4, as well as with several other
microprocessors. One major difference was that there was no branch
prediction in the 360/91 and hence no speculation. Another major
,difference was that there was no commit unit, so once the instructions
finished execution, they updated the registers.
⫸ Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM) Answer: Memory built
as an integrated circuit; it provides random access to any location.
Access times are 50 nanoseconds and cost per gigabyte in 2012 was $5
to $10.
Multiple DRAMs are used together to contain the instructions and data
of a program. In contrast to sequential access memories, such as
magnetic tapes, the RAM portion of the term DRAM means that
memory accesses take basically the same amount of time no matter what
portion of the memory is read.
Modern DRAMS consist of rows in each bank
⫸ frame buffering Answer: A portion of RAM containing a bitmap that
drives a video display. It is a memory buffer containing a complete
frame of data.
The image to be represented onscreen is stored in the frame buffer, and
the bit pattern per pixel is read out to the graphics display at the refresh
rate. The animation below shows a frame buffer with a simplified design
of just 4 bits per pixel.
⫸ Datapath Answer: The component of the processor that performs
arithmetic operations
,⫸ Control Answer: The component of the processor that commands the
datapath, memory, and I/O devices according to the instructions of the
program.
⫸ Integrated circuit Answer: Also called a chip. A device combining
dozens to millions of transistors.
⫸ Central processor unit (CPU) Answer: Also called processor. The
active part of the computer, which contains the datapath and control and
which adds numbers, tests numbers, signals I/O devices to activate, and
so on.
⫸ Static random access memory (SRAM) Answer: Also memory built
as an integrated circuit, but faster and less dense than DRAM.
⫸ Instruction set architecture Answer: Also called architecture. An
abstract interface between the hardware and the lowest-level software
that encompasses all the information necessary to write a machine
language program that will run correctly, including instructions,
registers, memory access, I/O, and so on.
⫸ Application binary interface (ABI) Answer: The user portion of the
instruction set plus the operating system interfaces used by application
programmers. It defines a standard for binary portability across
computers.
, ⫸ Volatile memory Answer: Storage, such as DRAM, that retains data
only if it is receiving power.
⫸ Nonvolatile Memory Answer: A form of memory that retains data
even in the absence of a power source and that is used to store programs
between runs. A DVD disk is nonvolatile.
⫸ Magnetic disk Answer: Also called hard disk. A form of nonvolatile
secondary memory composed of rotating platters coated with a magnetic
recording material. Because they are rotating mechanical devices, access
times are about 5 to 20 milliseconds and cost per gigabyte in 2012 was
$0.05 to $0.10
⫸ Main memory Answer: Also called primary memory. Memory used
to hold programs while they are running; typically consists of DRAM in
today's computers.
⫸ Secondary memory Answer: Nonvolatile memory used to store
programs and data between runs; typically consists of flash memory in
PMDs and magnetic disks in servers.
⫸ Flash memory Answer: A nonvolatile semiconductor memory. It is
cheaper and slower than DRAM but more expensive per bit and faster
than magnetic disks. Access times are about 5 to 50 microseconds and
cost per gigabyte in 2012 was $0.75 to $1.00.
⫸ Single Instruction Single Data (SISD) Answer: A uniprocessor
ERA FINAL EXAM COMPREHENSIVE EXAM
2026 FULL QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED
ANSWERS
⫸ machine language Answer: The language made up of binary-coded
instructions that is used directly by the computer
⫸ system software Answer: The set of programs that enables a
computer's hardware devices and application software to work together;
it includes the operating system and utility programs.
⫸ operating system Answer: (computer science) software that controls
the execution of computer programs and may provide various services
⫸ Assembly Language Answer: Programming language that has the
same structure and set of commands as machine languages but allows
programmers to use symbolic representations of numeric machine code.
⫸ IBM 360/91 Answer: Introduced many new concepts, including
dynamic detection of memory hazards, generalized forwarding, and
reservation stations. Tomasulo's algorithm
The internal organization of the 360/91 shares many features with the
Pentium III and Pentium 4, as well as with several other
microprocessors. One major difference was that there was no branch
prediction in the 360/91 and hence no speculation. Another major
,difference was that there was no commit unit, so once the instructions
finished execution, they updated the registers.
⫸ Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM) Answer: Memory built
as an integrated circuit; it provides random access to any location.
Access times are 50 nanoseconds and cost per gigabyte in 2012 was $5
to $10.
Multiple DRAMs are used together to contain the instructions and data
of a program. In contrast to sequential access memories, such as
magnetic tapes, the RAM portion of the term DRAM means that
memory accesses take basically the same amount of time no matter what
portion of the memory is read.
Modern DRAMS consist of rows in each bank
⫸ frame buffering Answer: A portion of RAM containing a bitmap that
drives a video display. It is a memory buffer containing a complete
frame of data.
The image to be represented onscreen is stored in the frame buffer, and
the bit pattern per pixel is read out to the graphics display at the refresh
rate. The animation below shows a frame buffer with a simplified design
of just 4 bits per pixel.
⫸ Datapath Answer: The component of the processor that performs
arithmetic operations
,⫸ Control Answer: The component of the processor that commands the
datapath, memory, and I/O devices according to the instructions of the
program.
⫸ Integrated circuit Answer: Also called a chip. A device combining
dozens to millions of transistors.
⫸ Central processor unit (CPU) Answer: Also called processor. The
active part of the computer, which contains the datapath and control and
which adds numbers, tests numbers, signals I/O devices to activate, and
so on.
⫸ Static random access memory (SRAM) Answer: Also memory built
as an integrated circuit, but faster and less dense than DRAM.
⫸ Instruction set architecture Answer: Also called architecture. An
abstract interface between the hardware and the lowest-level software
that encompasses all the information necessary to write a machine
language program that will run correctly, including instructions,
registers, memory access, I/O, and so on.
⫸ Application binary interface (ABI) Answer: The user portion of the
instruction set plus the operating system interfaces used by application
programmers. It defines a standard for binary portability across
computers.
, ⫸ Volatile memory Answer: Storage, such as DRAM, that retains data
only if it is receiving power.
⫸ Nonvolatile Memory Answer: A form of memory that retains data
even in the absence of a power source and that is used to store programs
between runs. A DVD disk is nonvolatile.
⫸ Magnetic disk Answer: Also called hard disk. A form of nonvolatile
secondary memory composed of rotating platters coated with a magnetic
recording material. Because they are rotating mechanical devices, access
times are about 5 to 20 milliseconds and cost per gigabyte in 2012 was
$0.05 to $0.10
⫸ Main memory Answer: Also called primary memory. Memory used
to hold programs while they are running; typically consists of DRAM in
today's computers.
⫸ Secondary memory Answer: Nonvolatile memory used to store
programs and data between runs; typically consists of flash memory in
PMDs and magnetic disks in servers.
⫸ Flash memory Answer: A nonvolatile semiconductor memory. It is
cheaper and slower than DRAM but more expensive per bit and faster
than magnetic disks. Access times are about 5 to 50 microseconds and
cost per gigabyte in 2012 was $0.75 to $1.00.
⫸ Single Instruction Single Data (SISD) Answer: A uniprocessor
