NSG3130/ NSG3130 Exam 2 Questions & Answers (2026/ 2027 Update) | Nursing Practice II (Galen) | Updated Version | 100% Verified Solutions

NSG3130/ NSG3130 Exam 2 Questions & Answers (2026/ 2027 Update) | Nursing Practice II (Galen) | Updated Version | 100% Verified Solutions Q: An occupational health nurse is going to provide a workshop to employees on basic body mechanics. In planning the presentation and preparing the materials. What information would be most helpful for the nurse to obtain in advance of the presentation? A. Specific ages of all the employees. B. Names of the employees. C. Names of the managers. D. Number of participants. D. Number of participants. Q: Which of the following strategies is the most appropriate for teaching a toddler about a hospital procedure? A. Discussion. B. Pictures. C. Role playing. D. Independent learning. B. Pictures. Q: The nurse assesses the patients readiness to learn wound care. What is the most important factor for the nurse to determine first? A. Intelligence level of the patient. B. Willingness to learn the technique. C. Financial resources available to the patient. D. Support from the patient's family. B. Willingness to learn the technique. Q: Which one of the following examples is an evaluation of a psychomotor skill? A. Patient is able to discuss side effects of medications. B. Patient maintains eye contact with nurse. C. Patient has planned menu within therapeutic diet. D. Patient uses walker correctly. D. Patient uses walker correctly. Q: When teaching an older adult patient, the nurse should incorporate which teaching strategy into the plan? A. Keep the teaching sessions short. B. Teach in the later evening. C. Include as many concepts as possible. D. Focus on teaching the family members. A. Keep the teaching sessions shorts. Q: Which of the following statements by the patient indicates that he may not be ready to learn at this time? A. "I'll call and make an appointment with the physical therapist for follow up on the exercises". B. "I want to know more about the side effects of the medications". C. "There's no sense in talking about this now. I don't feel very well". D. "Let me know if I am doing this dressing the right way". C. "Theres no sense in talking about this now. I don't feel very well". Q: Which one of the following examples is an evaluation of cognitive learning? The patient: A. Explains the use of the incentive spirometer. B. Looks at the site of the amputation. C. Uses the crutches to go up and down the stairs. D. Completes hygienic care independent. A. Explains the use of the incentive spirometer. Q: In the affective domain of learning, the patient exhibits the ability to do which of the following? A. Perform self catheterization. B. Provide information on dialysis. C. Return demonstrate blood pressure measurement. D. Verbalize feelings about how to manage arthritis pain. D. Verbalize feelings about how to manage arthritis pain. Q: To promote a patient's cognitive learning, the nurse decides to use which teaching strategy? A. Demonstrating a procedure. B. Modeling appropriate ways to interact. C. Showing a DVD about the disease process. D. Discussing personal thoughts about surgery. C. Showing a DVD about the disease process. Q: The nurse uses the vark tool to determine the patient's learning style. Which learning is being assessed by the "R" component? A. Ability to speak about the information. B. Use of reading and writing. C. Movement and skill performance. D. Perception based on hearing the material. B. Use of reading and writing. Q: A patient has been on bedrest for a prolonged period. To specifically promote the use of isotonic exercise, the nurse will instruct the patient to: A. Turn side to side in bed. B. Perform pelvic floor exercises. C. Repeatedly tighten the thigh muscle. D. Use a trapeze to lift and hold the upper body off the bed. A. Turn side to side in bed. Q: An average size male patient has right-sided hemiparesis, requiring minimal assistance with ambulation. The nurse helps this patient walk by standing at his: A. Left side and holding his arm. B. Left side and holding one arm around his waist. C. Right side and holding his arm. D. Right side and holding the gait belt at the patient's back. D. Right side and holding the gait belt at the patient's back. Q: The nurse is working with a patient who has left-sided weakness. after instruction, the nurse observes the patient ambulate in order to evaluate the use of the cane. Which action indicates that the patient knows how to use a cane properly? A. The patient keeps the cane on the left side. B. Two points of support are kept on the floor at all times. C. There is a slight lean to the right when the patient is walking. D. After advancing the cane, the patient moves the right leg forward. B. Two points of support are kept on the floor at all times. Q: A patient with a fractured left femur has been using crutches for the past 4 weeks. The physician tells the patient to begin putting weight on the left foot when walking. Which of the following gaits should the patient be taught to use? A. Two point. B. Three point. C. Four point. D. Swing through. C. Four point. Q: While ambulating in the hallway of the hospital. The patient complains of extreme dizziness. The nurse, alert to a syncopal episode, should first: A. Support the patient and walk quickly back to the room. B. Lean the patient against the wall until the episode passes. C. Lower the patient gently to the floor. D. Go for help. C. Lower the patient gently to the floor. Q: A patient is admitted to the medical unit after a cerebral vascular accident. There is evidence of left-sided hemiparesis, and the nurse will be following up on range of motion and other exercises performed in physical therapy. The nurse correctly teaches the patient and family members which one of the following principles of range of motion of exercises? A. Move the joints quickly. B. Work from the lower to upper body. C. Flex the joint to the point of resistance. D. Provide support above and below joints. D. Provide support above and below joints. Q: Nurses need to implement appropriate body mechanics to decrease the chance of injury to themselves and patients. Which principle of the body mechanics should the nurse incorporate into patient care? A. Flex the knees and keep the feet wide apart. B. Assume the position far enough away from the patient. C. Twist the body in the direction of movement. D. Use the strong back muscles for lifting or moving. A. Flex the knees and keep the feet wide apart. Q: After an assessment of a patient, the nurse identifies the nursing diagnosis in tolerance to activity with the supporting evidence of increased weight gait and inactivity. The physician wants the patient to improve her endurance and increase activity. Which of the following is an outcome identified for the patient? A. Resting heart rate will be 90 to 100/min B. Blood pressure will be maintained between 140/80 and 160/90 mm Hg. C. Exercise will be performed three times per day over the next two weeks. D. Accommodation will be made for excess weight and fatigue. C. Exercise will be performed three times per day over the next two weeks. Q: A patient has been on prolonged bed rest, and the nurse is observing for signs associated with immobility. In assessment of the patient. The nurse is alert to: A. Increase blood pressure. B. Decreased heart rate. C. Increased urinary output. D. Decreased peristalsis. D. Decreased peristalsis. Q: 2 nurses are standing on opposite sides of the bed to move the patient up in bed with a draw sheet. Where should the nurses be standing in relation to the patient's body as they prepare for the move? A. Even with the thorax. B. Even with the shoulders. C. Even with the hips. D. Even with the knees. B. Even with the shoulders. Q: A patient is leaving for surgery and, because of preoperative sedation, needs complete assistance to transfer from the bed to the stretcher. Which of the following should the nurse do first? A. Elevate the head of the bed. B. Obtain more assistance for the move. C. Place the patient in the prone position. D. Assess the situation for any potentially unsafe complications. D. Assess the situation for any potentially unsafe complications. Q: A patient has sequential compression stockings in place. Which of the following indicates that they are being implemented correctly? A. The ankle pressure is set to 40mmHg. B. Stockings are removed every hour during application. C. There is no space between the sleeve and the leg when the sleeve is not inflated. D. If there is an order for only one leg, the other sleeve is disconnected from the machine. A. The ankle pressure is set to 40mmHg. Q: The nurse assesses that the patient has right sided hemiparesis after a stroke. This individual most likely had ischemia to the: A. Right side of the brain. B. Left side of the brain. C. Cerebellum. D. Medulla oblongata. B. Left side of the brain. Q: An immobilized patient is suspected of having atelectasis. This is assessed by the nurse, on auscultation as: A. Harsh crackles. B. Wheezing on inspiration. C. Diminished breath sounds. D. Bronchovesicular whooshing C. Diminished breath sounds. Q: The best approach for the nurse to use to assess the presence of DVT in an immobilized patient is to: A. Measure the calf and thigh in diameters. B. Attempt to elicit the homan sign. C. Palpate the temperature of the feet. D. Observe for a loss of hair and skin turgor in the lower legs. A. Measure the calf and thigh in diameters. The patient is getting up for the first time after a period of bed rest. The nurse should first: A. Assess respiratory function. B. Obtain a baseline blood pressure. C. Assist the patient to sit at the edge of the bed. D. Ask the patient is she feels lightheaded. B. Obtain a baseline blood pressure. To promote respiratory function in the immobilized client, the nurse should: A. Encourage deep breathing and coughing every hour. B. Use oxygen and nebulizer treatments regularly. C. Change the patient's position every 4-8 hrs. D. Suction the patient every hour. A. Encourage deep breathing and coughing every hour. Anti-embolism hoses (stockings) are ordered for the patient on bed rest after surgery. The nurse explains to the patient that the primary purpose of the elastic stockings is to: A. Keep the skin warm and dry. B. Prevent abnormal joint flexion. C. Apply external pressure. D. Prevent bleeding. C. Apply external pressure. To provide for the psychosocial needs of an immobilized patient, an appropriate statement by the nurse is which of the following: A. "The staff will limit your visitors so that you will not be bothered". B. "A roommate can be a real bother. You'd probably rather have a private room." C. "Let's discuss the routine to see if there are any changes we can make." D. "I think you should have your hair done and put on some makeup". C. "Let's discuss the routine to see if there are any changes we can make." To reduce the chance of external hip rotation in a patient on prolonged bed rest, the nurse should implement the use of a: A. Footboard. B. Trapeze bar. C. Bed board. D. Trochanter roll. D. Trochanter roll. To reduce the chance of plantar flexion (foot drop) in a patient on prolonged bed rest, the nurse should implement the use of: A. Trapeze bars. B. High top sneakers. C. Trochanter rolls. D. 30* lateral positioning. B. High top sneakers. Which of the following observations by the nurse indicates the correct use by the patient of a walker without wheels? A. Moving forward with both feet and then advancing the walker. B. Moving 1 foot forward, advancing the walker, and then moving the other foot. C. Sliding the walker while shuffling both feet forward. D. Lifting the walker forward 1 step, placing it on the ground, and then steeping forward into the walker. D. Lifting the walker forward 1 step, placing it on the ground, and then steeping forward into the walker. Which of the following is the best choice of protein for the immobile patient? A. Hot dog. B. Grilled chicken. C. Macaroni and cheese. D. Grilled cheese sandwich. B. Grilled chicken. For the patient who is standing erect, which of the following indicates correct use of crutches? A. Axillary padding removed. B. Crutches placed 10-12 inches to either side of each foot. C. Elbow flexion of 60* for the hand bar. D. Three finger width between the axilla and axillary piece of the crutch. D. Three finger width between the axilla and axillary piece of the crutch. Which of the following is not accurate regarding a trapeze bar for an immobilized patient? A. It can be used for repositioning. B. Bilateral upper extremity strength is required. C. It can be used for independent, nonweightbearing transfer to a chair. D. It's use allows for increased musculoskeletal strength. C. It can be used for independent, nonweightbearing transfer to a chair. With advanced age, which of the following normal physiological changes in sensory function occurs? A. Decreased sensitivity to glare. B. Increased number of taste buds. C. Decreased sensitivity to pain. D. Difficulty discriminating Vowel sounds. C. Decreased sensitivity to pain. Which of the following occupations poses the least risk for sensory alterations? A. Librarian. B. Welder. C. Computer programmer. D. Construction worker. A. Librarian. The nurse is working with a patient with a moderate hearing impairment. To promote communication with this patient, the nurse should: A. Use a louder tone of voice than normal. B. Select a public area to have a conversation. C. Approach a patient quietly from behind before speaking. D. Use visual aids such as the hands and eyes when speaking. D. Use visual aids such as the hands and eyes when speaking. Patient has experienced a cerebrovascular accident with resultant expressive aphasia. The nurse promotes communication with this patient by: A. Speaking loudly and slowly. B. Speaking to the patient on the unaffected side. C. Using a picture chart for the patients responses. D. Using hand gestures to convey information to the patient. C. Using a picture chart for the patients responses. The patient was working in the kitchen and was splashed in the face with a caustic cleaning agent. His eyes were affected and he was brought to the hospital for treatment. After cleansing and evaluation, his eyes were bandaged. When assisting this patient to eat, the nurse should: A. Feed the patient the entire meal. B. Allow the patient to experiment with foods. C. Encourage the family to feed the patient. D. Orient the patient to the location of the foods on the plate. D. Orient the patient to the location of the foods on the plate. An older adult patient in a nursing home has visual and hearing loss. The nurse is alert to which of the following signs represents the effects of sensory deprivation? A. Depression. B. Diminished anxiety. C. Improved task completion. D. Decreased need for physical stimulation. A. Depression. During a home safety assessment, the nurse identifies that there are a number of hazards present. Of the following hazards that are noted by the nurse, which one represents the greatest risk for this patient with diabetic peripheral neuropathy? A. Cluttered walkways. B. Absence of smoke detectors. C. Improper heater settings. D. Lack of bathroom grab bars. C. Improper heater settings. The nurse in the pediatric clinic is checking the basic visual activity of a 3.5 year old child. The nurse should have the child: A. Identify crayon colors. B. Read the standards snellen chart. C. Read a few lines from a children's book. D. Follow the peripheral movement of an object. A. Identify crayon colors. For a patient with receptive aphasia, which of the following nursing interventions is the most effective? A. Providing the patient with a letter chart to use to answer complex questions. B. Using a system of simple gestures to communicate. C. Speaking louder and slower. D. Obtaining a referral for a speech therapist. B. Using a system of simple gestures to communicate. The nurse recommends follow up auditory testing for a child who was exposed in utero to: A. Rubella. B. Excessive oxygen. C. Alcohol. D. Respiratory infection. A. Rubella. The nurse is working with older adult patients in an extended care facility. To enhance the patient's gustatory sense, the nurse should: A. Mix foods together. B. Assist with oral hygiene. C. Make sure foods are extremely spicy. D. Provide foods of similar texture and consistency. B. Assist with oral hygiene. A home safety measure specific for a patient with diminished olfaction is the use of: A. Extra lighting in hallways. B. Amplified telephone receivers. C. Smoke detectors on all levels. D. Mild water heater temperatures. C. Smoke detectors on all levels. The nurse has completed the admission assessment for a patient admitted to the hospitals subacute care unit. Of the following nursing diagnosis identified by the nurse, which takes the highest priority? A. Isolation from social activity. B. Potential for injury. C. Inability to manage adjustment. D. Ineffective verbal communication. B. Potential for injury. The patient is being discharged to home after being evaluated for meniere disease and episodes of dizziness. Which one of the following statements alerts the nurse that further reinforcement is necessary for safety? A. "I'll be careful in the morning when I first get out of bed". B. "It will be good to get back to my job on the train". C. "I have a small bench that I can use when I'm taking a shower". D. "I'm going to be changing to brighter lightbulbs in the hallway". B. "It will be good to get back to my job on the train". The nurse recognizes the stages of sleep and knows that a patient is most easily aroused in which stage? A. NREM 1. B. NREM 2. C. NREM 3. D. NREM 4. A. NREM 1. Which of the following is an antidepressant medication that be be prescribed to promote sleep? A. Elavil. B. Haldol. C. Versed. D. Benadryl. A. Elavil. Which of the following is associated with a patient who has hypersomnia? A. Sleeping less than six hours a night. B. Having trouble waking up in the morning. C. Falling asleep during a conversation. D. Having difficulty falling asleep. B. Having trouble waking up in the morning. The patient has expressed difficulty in sleeping. On further investigation by the nurse, the patient identifies the following behaviors. Which one should the nurse focus on that may be interfering with the patient's sleep? A. Exercising after work. B. Taking a warm bath before bedtime. C. Having 1 or 2 glasses of wine after dinner. D. Eating a bedtime snack fo crackers and juice. C. Having 1 or 2 glasses of wine after dinner. The mother of a 2 year old tells the nurse that the child has started crying and resisting going to sleep at scheduled bedtime. The nurse should advise the patient to: A. Offer the child to a bedtime snack. B. Eliminate of the naps during the day. C. Allow the child to sleep longer in the mornings. D. Maintain consistency in the same bedtime ritual. D. Maintain consistency in the same bedtime ritual. An 11-year-old child in middle school is currently experiencing sleep related to fatigue during classes. Which of the following should the nurse as the patient first? A. "What are the child's usual sleep patterns?" B. "Is there anything else going on at home or school?" C. "Do you think that there is a medical reason for this problem?" D. "Are you allowing the child to stay up?" A. "What are the child's usual sleep patterns?"` In describing the sleep patterns of older adults, the nurse recognizes that they: A. Require more than sleep than middle aged adults. B. Are more difficult to arouse. C. Take less time to fall asleep. D. Have a decline in NREM 3 sleep. D. Have a decline in NREM 3 sleep. For a patient who is currently taking a diuretic, the nurse should inform the patient that he or she may experience: A. Nocturia. B. Nightmares. C. Reduce REM sleep. D. Increased daytime sleepiness. A. Nocturia. As a result of recent studies regarding sudden infant death syndrome and infant safety during sleep, the nurse instructs the parent to: A. Cover the infant loosely with a blanket. B. Provide a stuffed toy for comfort. C. Place the infant on her back. D. Use small pillows in the crib. C. Place the infant on her back. A 74-year-old patient has been having sleeping difficulties. To have better idea of the patient's problem, the nurse should respond with which of the following? A. "What do you do just before going to bed?" B. "Why don't you try napping during the daytime?" C. "You should always eat something just before bedtime." D. "Let's make sure that your bedroom is completely darkened at night." A. "What do you do just before going to bed?" Which of the following information provided by the patient's bed partner is most associated with sleep? A. Restlessness. B. Talking during sleep. C. Somnambulism. D. Excessive snoring. D. Excessive snoring. In teaching methods to promote positive sleep habits at home, the nurse instructs the patient to: A. Use the bedroom only for sleep or sexual adults. B. Eat a meal 1 to 2 hours before bedtime. C. Exercise vigorously before bedtime. D. Stay in bed if sleep does not come after half an hour. A. Use the bedroom only for sleep or sexual adults. The nurse is discussing sleep habits with a patient in the sleep assessment clinic. Of the following activities performed before sleeping, the nurse is alert to the one that may be interfering with the patient sleep, which is: A. Listening to classical music. B. Finishing office work. C. Drinking warm milk. D. Reading novels. B. Finishing office work. Hold our adults at the community center are having a discussion on health issues that is being led by a nurse volunteer. One of the participants asks the nurse what to do about not being able to sleep well at night. The nurse informs the participants that sleep in the evening maybe enhance to by: A. Drinking an alcoholic beverage before bedtime. B. Using an over the counter sleeping agent. C. Wearing loose/ comfortable clothing. D. Eating a large meal before bedtime. C. Wearing loose/ comfortable clothing. Narcolepsy chronic neurologic disorder caused by the brain's inability to regulate the sleep-wake cycle normally, resulting in uncontrollable onset of sleep or loss of awareness signs and symptoms of narcolepsy -daytime sleepiness -cataplexy (sudden loss of voluntary muscle tone) -hallucinations during sleep or on awakening -brief episodes of total paralysis at the beginning or end of sleep Diagnosis for those with sensory impairments chronic confusion impaired verbal communication risk for social isolation chronic confusion alert and oriented to person only; unable to express his/her needs by repeats questions asked or responds with unrelated comments; spouse states patient wanders frequents impaired verbal communication alterations of the CNS, cerebrovascular accident (CVA), inability to recognize words or understand questions risk for isolation alterations in mental status, dementia, sad affect, states "I feel so alone" assessment for sleep patterns (what do we ask?) -how have you been sleeping? -do you have any bedtime routines? -what time do you usually go to bed? -What time do you usually wake up? -How long does it take for you to fall asleep? -Do you often wake up during the night? How often? What do you do? -Do you have enough energy to complete your tasks during the day? -Do you take naps during the day? For how long? -What is your normal eating pattern? -Do you drink beverages with caffeine, such as colas, coffee, or tea? -Does your sleep partner comment about your sleep? Snoring? Pauses in breathing? -What do you do to help yourself fall asleep? Use of OTC meds? Prescriptions? Activities for bedrest/sensory deprivation patients -provide social interaction -encouraging enjoyable activities (TV, puzzle, reading) -tactile stimulation -giving a back rub during a bath Interventions for orientation -use of clock -calendar -statements about the location or name of the hospital and why pt is in facility circadian rhythm day-night, 24 hour cycle, influences patterns of biologic and behavioral functions Diurnal primarily active during the day. Humans normally considered diurnal nocturnal most active at night the ____ affects body temp, endocrine functions, BP, sleep, and other functions circadian rhythm factors that affect the circadian rhythm -daily routines -work -social commitments -alarm clocks -noise sensory overload interventions COMMON in ICU patients -reduce stimuli -dim unnecessary lights education for narcolepsy -no cure -regular exercise/sleep routine -daytime naps if possible -light meals high in protein to maintain alertness and vitamins -avoid alcohol, heavy meals, long distance driving, long periods of sitting Diagnoses for sensory overload -overabundance of stimuli -s/s - anxiety, attention deficit, confusion Assessment for sleep apnea -focused assessment if sleep problems identified -STOP-BANG tool: Snoring Tiredness and sleepiness during the day Observed cessation of breathing during sleep Blood Pressure abnormalities BMI Age Neck circumference Gender Assessment of delirium -onset of symptoms -recent changes in health -med history -meds -alcohol or drug withdrawal -vital signs -neuro exam (look for any focal deficits, gait, signs of trauma) -skin inspection (signs of infection, dehydration, or injuries) -orientation and attention -memory -speech or disorganized thinking -attention span and ability to focus -LOC Crutch walking instructions/edu -2 inches or 3 finger-width of space b/w top of crutch and the axilla -crutch placed 6 inches to the side of the foot -encourage patient to report tingling in hands -forearm crutches used with long-term or permanent impairment two-point crutch -used for patients who can bear partial weight on either extremity -move one crutch forward simultaneously with the opposite leg, providing wide base of support three-point crutch -used for patients with injury to one leg -move both crutches forward then swing the strong foot forward to the center of the crutches -if patient is NWB on one side, foot can be held off the ground -move the weak foot forward -end in tripod position four-point gait -requires PWB on both lower extremities -more stable than 2 point gait -move one crutch forward, followed by opposite leg -repeat the pattern by moving the opposite crutch and then the leg forward swing-to gait -move both crutches forward at the same time -lift body and swing both legs to the crutches -end in tripod position -used by paraplegics ascending stairs with crutches -transfer weight from crutches to unaffected leg on the stairs -crutches brought up into the stair aligned with the unaffected leg -UP WITH THE GOOD descending stairs with crutches -body weight transferred from the unaffected leg to the crutches -the unaffected leg is then brought down onto the stair and aligned with the crutches -DOWN WITH THE BAD Passive range of motion and how it is performed 1. caregiver moves the patients joints through a full motion (does not maintain or improve strength, but maintains flexibility and prevents contractures and atrophy) 2. patient wear comfortable loose clothing 3. perform exercises 2x/day and 3-5x/joint 4. move joints slowly and smoothly until resistance is met and stop before pain begins 5. perform same exercises in same order from head to toe passive ROM: preventing injury by supporting joints through exercises (how?) - CUP: one hand holds the joint while the other hand exercises the extremity - CRADLE: one hand holds the joint while the other arm supports the rest of the extremity -SUPPORT: one hand holds the muscles above the joint while the other hand holds the muscles below the joint and moves the extremity Terms for ROM -rotation -lateral flexion -over-rotation -hyperextension cane education/instructions -top of cane should be level with hip joint -pt's arm should comfortably bend when the patient is walking -move can forward first, followed by weaker leg and then stronger -stand up straight and look forward isometric exercises requires tension and relaxation of the muscles without joint movement joint stays stationary - think isolating the joint EX: squeezing towel between knees and tension and relaxation of pelvic floor muscles (Kegels) isotonic exercises -involves active movement with constant muscle contraction EX: walking, turning in bed, self-feeding aerobic exercises requires oxygen metabolism to produce energy EX: rigorous walking, repeated stair climbing Anaerobic exercises -builds power and body mass -without oxygen to produce energy for activity, anaerobic exercises takes place EX: heavy weightlifting patients with spinal cord injuries who have had spinal surgery may require ____ while repositioning logrolling logrolling moving the whole body as one unit needs at least 1 or 2 caregivers in addition to the nurse nurse must ensure that spine remains aligned during repositioning effects of prolonged immobilization (musculoskeletal) -weakness -decreased muscle tone -decreased bone and muscle mass -muscle atrophy (wasting) -contracture (permanent fixation of a joint) -resorption of bone -disuse osteoporosis (loss of bone mass due to inactivity) -pathologic bone fractures (spontaneous breaks w/o trauma) -joint stiffness and pain w movement effects of prolonged immobilization (nervous system) proprioception and equilibrium can be altered effects of prolonged immobilization (cardiopulmonary) effects of prolonged immobilization (nutrition) -decreased BMR -anorexia -nitrogen deficiency if pt not eating sufficient amount of protein effects of prolonged immobilization (elimination) -urinary stasis -UTI -renal calculi (kidney stones) -hypomobillity of GI tract effects of prolonged immobilization (skin) -ischemia -necrosis effects of prolonged immobilization (psychosocial) -lonely -anxious -angry -depressed -confused -sensory deprivation -alteration in self-concept -sleep and rest patterns disturbed formal teaching may be delivered through the community in the form of media; in educational and group settings; or in a planned, goal-oriented, one-on-one session with a pt in an outpatient or acute care setting -usually has goals set by the educator or nurse informal teaching usually learner or patient directed may occur when a pt asks a question about a bed, tx, or procedure healthcare info is considered informal be it is situation and patient specific