4/11/26, 8:17 AM PATHO EXAM 2 fully solved & updated 2025-2026(latest version verified for accuracy) (Questions + Answers) Solved 100% Correct…
PATHO EXAM 2 fully solved & updated 2025-
2026(latest version verified for accuracy)
(Questions + Answers) Solved 100% Correct!!
Save
Terms in this set (239)
what is the first line of defense in physical/mechanical/chemical barriers
innate immunity?
what are examples of -skin
physical/mechanical barriers? -mucous membranes
-flushing out of bacteria in GI/GU tract; epithelia
and mucus membranes
what are examples of chemical -mucous secretions
barriers? -saliva
-perspiration
-normal flora (layer of bacteria all over us)
what is the second line of defense in inflammatory response
innate immunity?
what are the goals of inflammation? -promote healing
-prevent spread
-stop damage
https://quizlet.com/1166450193/patho-exam-2-fully-solved-updated-2025-2026latest-version-verified-for-accuracy-questions-answers-solved-100-corr… 1/34
,4/11/26, 8:17 AM PATHO EXAM 2 fully solved & updated 2025-2026(latest version verified for accuracy) (Questions + Answers) Solved 100% Correct…
what are the two stages of vascular and cellular
inflammation?
what is the trigger of inflammation? mast cell degranulation due to cellular injury;
empty contents of intracellular granules into tissue;
indicates that the body needs help in that area
what characterizes/triggers the mast cell degranulation, cellular damage/infection;
vascular stage of inflammation? vasodilation, increased capillary permeability,
leakage of fluid into the extravascular tissue
what four things come from mast 1) histamine
cells? 2) platelet activating factor
3) prostaglandins and leukotrienes
4) chemotactic factors
what are the results of histamine -increased blood flow (vasodilation); gets white
being released during the blood cells to the area, creates warmth and
inflammatory response? redness
-increases capillary permeability; fluid can more
easily leak out into the tissues, dilutes toxins, gets
WBCs to the area, creates edema
what are the results of platelet -platelets become sticky
activating factor being released -prevents bleeding, triggers coagulation cascade
during the inflammatory response? -walls off the infected area, prevents it from
spreading throughout the body
what are the results of -increase capillary permeability
prostaglandins/leukotrienes being -induce pain by stimulating nerve endings
released during the inflammatory -increase smooth muscle contraction
response? -take longer to release
what does aspirin (ASA) block? prostaglandin synthesis; inhibits inflammation
https://quizlet.com/1166450193/patho-exam-2-fully-solved-updated-2025-2026latest-version-verified-for-accuracy-questions-answers-solved-100-corr… 2/34
,4/11/26, 8:17 AM PATHO EXAM 2 fully solved & updated 2025-2026(latest version verified for accuracy) (Questions + Answers) Solved 100% Correct…
what are the results of chemotactic -'flare guns' of the response
factors being released during the -attract white blood cells to the area
inflammatory response? -start the second stage of inflammation
what characterizes/triggers the chemotactic factors attracting WBCs; delivery and
cellular stage of inflammation? activation of leukocytes
what phagocyte arrives first (~90 neutrophils ; enter the tissues and start eating
mins) during the cellular stage of up/destroying the pathogen
inflammation, and what do they do?
where are neutrophils found? in the blood and bone marrow until they're needed
how do neutrophils and other -pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)
phagocytes non-specifically
recognize pathogens?
what phagocyte arrives after macrophages
neutrophils (around 24 hours)?
what are the actions of 1) phagocytize
macrophages? 2) antigen presenting cells
3) promote healing
how do macrophages differ from -can phagocytize more than neutrophils
neutrophils? -arrive later than neutrophils
-last a lot longer than neutrophils
-play role in adaptive immune response as antigen
presenting cells
phagocytes are drawn to the injury -chemokines
site by... -bacterial/cell debris
-complement
https://quizlet.com/1166450193/patho-exam-2-fully-solved-updated-2025-2026latest-version-verified-for-accuracy-questions-answers-solved-100-corr… 3/34
, 4/11/26, 8:17 AM PATHO EXAM 2 fully solved & updated 2025-2026(latest version verified for accuracy) (Questions + Answers) Solved 100% Correct…
opsonization "tagging" antigens; enhances phagocytosis
how do phagocytes dispose of -recognize their targets
pathogens? -engulf them via endocytosis
-fusion with lysosomes in phagocytes, destruction
of target by lysosomes
the ______ is the tag presenting on all MHC1
normal cells
the _______ is the tag presenting on MHC1
infected cells to the adaptive
immune system
what are the 3 plasma protein coagulation, kinin, complement
systems?
coagulation -blood clotting
-activated by tissue collagen (endothelial or tissue
injury)
-blocks off the infection site
-stops bleeding
kinin -activated by coagulation cascade
-has effects similar to histamine; produces
bradykinin, which increases vasodilation/vascular
permeability
https://quizlet.com/1166450193/patho-exam-2-fully-solved-updated-2025-2026latest-version-verified-for-accuracy-questions-answers-solved-100-corr… 4/34
PATHO EXAM 2 fully solved & updated 2025-
2026(latest version verified for accuracy)
(Questions + Answers) Solved 100% Correct!!
Save
Terms in this set (239)
what is the first line of defense in physical/mechanical/chemical barriers
innate immunity?
what are examples of -skin
physical/mechanical barriers? -mucous membranes
-flushing out of bacteria in GI/GU tract; epithelia
and mucus membranes
what are examples of chemical -mucous secretions
barriers? -saliva
-perspiration
-normal flora (layer of bacteria all over us)
what is the second line of defense in inflammatory response
innate immunity?
what are the goals of inflammation? -promote healing
-prevent spread
-stop damage
https://quizlet.com/1166450193/patho-exam-2-fully-solved-updated-2025-2026latest-version-verified-for-accuracy-questions-answers-solved-100-corr… 1/34
,4/11/26, 8:17 AM PATHO EXAM 2 fully solved & updated 2025-2026(latest version verified for accuracy) (Questions + Answers) Solved 100% Correct…
what are the two stages of vascular and cellular
inflammation?
what is the trigger of inflammation? mast cell degranulation due to cellular injury;
empty contents of intracellular granules into tissue;
indicates that the body needs help in that area
what characterizes/triggers the mast cell degranulation, cellular damage/infection;
vascular stage of inflammation? vasodilation, increased capillary permeability,
leakage of fluid into the extravascular tissue
what four things come from mast 1) histamine
cells? 2) platelet activating factor
3) prostaglandins and leukotrienes
4) chemotactic factors
what are the results of histamine -increased blood flow (vasodilation); gets white
being released during the blood cells to the area, creates warmth and
inflammatory response? redness
-increases capillary permeability; fluid can more
easily leak out into the tissues, dilutes toxins, gets
WBCs to the area, creates edema
what are the results of platelet -platelets become sticky
activating factor being released -prevents bleeding, triggers coagulation cascade
during the inflammatory response? -walls off the infected area, prevents it from
spreading throughout the body
what are the results of -increase capillary permeability
prostaglandins/leukotrienes being -induce pain by stimulating nerve endings
released during the inflammatory -increase smooth muscle contraction
response? -take longer to release
what does aspirin (ASA) block? prostaglandin synthesis; inhibits inflammation
https://quizlet.com/1166450193/patho-exam-2-fully-solved-updated-2025-2026latest-version-verified-for-accuracy-questions-answers-solved-100-corr… 2/34
,4/11/26, 8:17 AM PATHO EXAM 2 fully solved & updated 2025-2026(latest version verified for accuracy) (Questions + Answers) Solved 100% Correct…
what are the results of chemotactic -'flare guns' of the response
factors being released during the -attract white blood cells to the area
inflammatory response? -start the second stage of inflammation
what characterizes/triggers the chemotactic factors attracting WBCs; delivery and
cellular stage of inflammation? activation of leukocytes
what phagocyte arrives first (~90 neutrophils ; enter the tissues and start eating
mins) during the cellular stage of up/destroying the pathogen
inflammation, and what do they do?
where are neutrophils found? in the blood and bone marrow until they're needed
how do neutrophils and other -pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)
phagocytes non-specifically
recognize pathogens?
what phagocyte arrives after macrophages
neutrophils (around 24 hours)?
what are the actions of 1) phagocytize
macrophages? 2) antigen presenting cells
3) promote healing
how do macrophages differ from -can phagocytize more than neutrophils
neutrophils? -arrive later than neutrophils
-last a lot longer than neutrophils
-play role in adaptive immune response as antigen
presenting cells
phagocytes are drawn to the injury -chemokines
site by... -bacterial/cell debris
-complement
https://quizlet.com/1166450193/patho-exam-2-fully-solved-updated-2025-2026latest-version-verified-for-accuracy-questions-answers-solved-100-corr… 3/34
, 4/11/26, 8:17 AM PATHO EXAM 2 fully solved & updated 2025-2026(latest version verified for accuracy) (Questions + Answers) Solved 100% Correct…
opsonization "tagging" antigens; enhances phagocytosis
how do phagocytes dispose of -recognize their targets
pathogens? -engulf them via endocytosis
-fusion with lysosomes in phagocytes, destruction
of target by lysosomes
the ______ is the tag presenting on all MHC1
normal cells
the _______ is the tag presenting on MHC1
infected cells to the adaptive
immune system
what are the 3 plasma protein coagulation, kinin, complement
systems?
coagulation -blood clotting
-activated by tissue collagen (endothelial or tissue
injury)
-blocks off the infection site
-stops bleeding
kinin -activated by coagulation cascade
-has effects similar to histamine; produces
bradykinin, which increases vasodilation/vascular
permeability
https://quizlet.com/1166450193/patho-exam-2-fully-solved-updated-2025-2026latest-version-verified-for-accuracy-questions-answers-solved-100-corr… 4/34
