Pharmacology Midterm (Unit 1-6) Galen College of Nursing Exam with verified detailed answers

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Pharmacology Midterm (Unit 1-6) Galen College of Nursing || || || || || || || ||




Exam with verified detailed answers || || || ||




Which FDA pregnancy category of drug refers to a substance that has a known risk to a
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fetus, however the overall benefit outweighs the risk?
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a) A
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b) C
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c) D
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d) X
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d) This is a memorization-style question. Class D represents drugs that may have a risk to
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the fetus, but there may be some benefits. Class X represents drugs that are contraindicated
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during pregnancy. Class A represents drugs with no known risk to the fetus. Class C
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represents drugs with risk potential, however, whether there is an adverse effect is
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unknown.

What is the function of an ion channel?
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a) Connects cells together
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b) Directly alters gene expression with a cell
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c) Generates second messengers within the cell
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d) Allows electrolytes to cross the cell membrane
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d) Allows electrolytes to cross the cell membrane - Ion channels are special receptors that
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bind to a drug and then open up. When this happens, this allows ions to cross the
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membrane. When this occurs, this is associated with body processes that utilize electrical
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signaling, like neural communication, muscle contraction, and heart beat. Sodium entry
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into a cell is excitatory, whereas chloride entry into a cell is inhibitory.
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What is the function of a drug antagonist?
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a) Activates a receptor
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b) Partially activates a receptor
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c) Prevents a receptor from being activated
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d) Produces the opposite effect of receptor activation
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c) Prevents a receptor from being activated - Antagonists prevent drugs that activate a
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receptor (i.e. an agonist) from binding to the receptor. Consequently, in the presence of
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antagonist, there will be no effect generated by the receptor.
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Liver dysfunction most directly interferes with which process pertaining to drug action
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within the body? || ||




a) Absorption
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b) Distribution
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c) Metabolism
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d) Excretion
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c) Metabolism - The liver contains many enzymes that are involved in the metabolism of
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drugs, which breaks down drugs, rendering them no longer active. After drugs are
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metabolized, they often go to the kidneys for excretion via the urine. || || || || || || || || || || ||




What is the percentage of a particular drug that gets absorbed?
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a) Bioavailability
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b) Dose-response
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c) Half-life
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d) IC50
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a) Bioavailability - The percentage of a drug that gets absorbed refers to bioavailability.
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Specifically, based on route of administration, a drug may not be maximally absorbed into
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the bloodstream (i.e. if orally administered). So, the
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bioavailability allows one to estimate the overall fraction of a drug that ends up circulating
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in the blood.
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What is an effect of activating the sympathetic nervous system?
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a) Pupil constriction
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b) Increased heart rate
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c) Increased urinary output
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d) Decreased blood pressure
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b) Increased heart rate - The sympathetic nervous system is responsible for "flight or fight"
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responses that focus on spending energy. As part of this, heart rate increases. All of the
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other listed responses are associated with the parasympathetic nervous system.
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