2
Open stax Psychology exam 2 with accurate detailed solutions
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Sensation - ✔✔occurs when special receptors in the sense organs (eyes, ears, nose, skin,
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
and taste buds) are activated, allowing various forms of outside stimuli to become neural
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
signals in the brain.|| || ||
Transduction - ✔✔is the process of turning outside stimuli, such as light, into neural
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
activity (action potential|| ||
Just noticeable difference - ✔✔smallest difference between two stimuli that is detectable
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
50% of the time.
|| || ||
Absolute threshold - ✔✔the lowest level of stimulation that a person can consciously detect
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
50 percent of the time
|| || || ||
Perception - ✔✔is the method by which the brain takes all of the sensations a person
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
experiences at any given moment and allows them to be interpreted in some meaningful
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
fashion
Bottom-up processing: - ✔✔sensory input leads to perception
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Top-down processing: - ✔✔knowledge, experiences and thoughts lead to perception
|| || || || || || || || ||
Subliminal processing - ✔✔processing of stimuli on an unconscious level
|| || || || || || || || ||
Habituation: - ✔✔Stimuli that does not change is not consciously attended to because lower
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
centers of the brain filter the sensory stimulation (it is ignored). So even though
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
,2
information is still affecting sensory receptors, we don't perceive stimuli that remain
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
relatively constant over prolonged periods of time.|| || || || || ||
Sensory adaptation - ✔✔is different because the receptory cells are less or no longer
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
responsive.
inattentional blindness - ✔✔Sensation can occur without perception || || || || || || ||
Albert Einstein - ✔✔proposed that light is actually tiny packets of waves called photons that
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
have specific wavelengths associated with them
|| || || || || ||
Brightness relates to the amplitude - ✔✔How high or low the wave is. The higher the wave,
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
the brighter the light.
|| || ||
Trichromatic theory of color vision - ✔✔three types of cones are sensitive to the red, green
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
or blue wavelength and all colors are produced by various combinations of these
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
photosensitive cones. ||
Opponent-process theory - ✔✔Suggest that some cells are excited by one wavelength and || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
inhibited by other wavelengths in pairs and that color perception is a mixture of activity of
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
all three types of cone cells. We dont experience greenish-red or yellowish-blue
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
Neural adaption - ✔✔sensitivity to a prolonged stimulation tends to decline over time
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
Afterimage - ✔✔The effect of staring at at a particular color to long.
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
This is usually the opposite in the pair of the color you were looking at.
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
, 2
Monocular cues - ✔✔We perceive depth in a two-dimension figure. include size and
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
distance
Taste - ✔✔Buds that composed of a number of individual taste receptors cells that transmit
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
information to nerves. have a life cycle of 10-14 days || || || || || || || || || ||
and have four basic groups sweet, salty , sour and bitter.
|| || || || || || || || || ||
Gestalt principles of perception - ✔✔literally means forms or patterns with implying that
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
perception of the whole form or pattern is more than or different from the sum of its parts
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
and we perceive or organize sensory information in predictable ways call
|| || || || || || || || || ||
acquisition - ✔✔period of initial learning in classical conditioning in which a human or an
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
animal begins to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
neutral stimulus will begin to elicit the conditioned response
|| || || || || || || ||
associative learning - ✔✔form of learning that involves connecting certain stimuli or events
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
that occur together in the environment (classical and operant conditioning)
|| || || || || || || || ||
classical conditioning - ✔✔learning in which the stimulus or experience occurs before the
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
behavior and then gets paired or associated with the behavior
|| || || || || || || || ||
cognitive map - ✔✔mental picture of the layout of the environment
|| || || || || || || || || ||
conditioned response (CR) - ✔✔response caused by the conditioned stimulus
|| || || || || || || || ||
conditioned stimulus (CS) - ✔✔stimulus that elicits a response due to its being paired with
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
an unconditioned stimulus
|| ||
Open stax Psychology exam 2 with accurate detailed solutions
|| || || || || || || ||
Sensation - ✔✔occurs when special receptors in the sense organs (eyes, ears, nose, skin,
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
and taste buds) are activated, allowing various forms of outside stimuli to become neural
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
signals in the brain.|| || ||
Transduction - ✔✔is the process of turning outside stimuli, such as light, into neural
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
activity (action potential|| ||
Just noticeable difference - ✔✔smallest difference between two stimuli that is detectable
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
50% of the time.
|| || ||
Absolute threshold - ✔✔the lowest level of stimulation that a person can consciously detect
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
50 percent of the time
|| || || ||
Perception - ✔✔is the method by which the brain takes all of the sensations a person
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
experiences at any given moment and allows them to be interpreted in some meaningful
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
fashion
Bottom-up processing: - ✔✔sensory input leads to perception
|| || || || || || ||
Top-down processing: - ✔✔knowledge, experiences and thoughts lead to perception
|| || || || || || || || ||
Subliminal processing - ✔✔processing of stimuli on an unconscious level
|| || || || || || || || ||
Habituation: - ✔✔Stimuli that does not change is not consciously attended to because lower
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
centers of the brain filter the sensory stimulation (it is ignored). So even though
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
,2
information is still affecting sensory receptors, we don't perceive stimuli that remain
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
relatively constant over prolonged periods of time.|| || || || || ||
Sensory adaptation - ✔✔is different because the receptory cells are less or no longer
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
responsive.
inattentional blindness - ✔✔Sensation can occur without perception || || || || || || ||
Albert Einstein - ✔✔proposed that light is actually tiny packets of waves called photons that
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
have specific wavelengths associated with them
|| || || || || ||
Brightness relates to the amplitude - ✔✔How high or low the wave is. The higher the wave,
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
the brighter the light.
|| || ||
Trichromatic theory of color vision - ✔✔three types of cones are sensitive to the red, green
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
or blue wavelength and all colors are produced by various combinations of these
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
photosensitive cones. ||
Opponent-process theory - ✔✔Suggest that some cells are excited by one wavelength and || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
inhibited by other wavelengths in pairs and that color perception is a mixture of activity of
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
all three types of cone cells. We dont experience greenish-red or yellowish-blue
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
Neural adaption - ✔✔sensitivity to a prolonged stimulation tends to decline over time
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
Afterimage - ✔✔The effect of staring at at a particular color to long.
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
This is usually the opposite in the pair of the color you were looking at.
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
, 2
Monocular cues - ✔✔We perceive depth in a two-dimension figure. include size and
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
distance
Taste - ✔✔Buds that composed of a number of individual taste receptors cells that transmit
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
information to nerves. have a life cycle of 10-14 days || || || || || || || || || ||
and have four basic groups sweet, salty , sour and bitter.
|| || || || || || || || || ||
Gestalt principles of perception - ✔✔literally means forms or patterns with implying that
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
perception of the whole form or pattern is more than or different from the sum of its parts
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
and we perceive or organize sensory information in predictable ways call
|| || || || || || || || || ||
acquisition - ✔✔period of initial learning in classical conditioning in which a human or an
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
animal begins to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
neutral stimulus will begin to elicit the conditioned response
|| || || || || || || ||
associative learning - ✔✔form of learning that involves connecting certain stimuli or events
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
that occur together in the environment (classical and operant conditioning)
|| || || || || || || || ||
classical conditioning - ✔✔learning in which the stimulus or experience occurs before the
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
behavior and then gets paired or associated with the behavior
|| || || || || || || || ||
cognitive map - ✔✔mental picture of the layout of the environment
|| || || || || || || || || ||
conditioned response (CR) - ✔✔response caused by the conditioned stimulus
|| || || || || || || || ||
conditioned stimulus (CS) - ✔✔stimulus that elicits a response due to its being paired with
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
an unconditioned stimulus
|| ||
