COMSAE level 2 111 Questions and Answers Best rated A+ Guaranteed Success Latest Update

prevalence vs incidence Prevalence - number of cases at a particular time Incidence - number of new cases odds ratio vs relative risk odds ratio: for case control studies control for disease and examine exposure odds dz+ in exposed group/odds dz+ in unexposed (a/b)/(c/d) ratio is not a fraction! so the bottom number is not the total its the unaffected relative risk: for cohort studies that control for exposures and examine who got the disease prob getting dz exposed/prob getting dz unexposed a/(a+b) / c/(c+d)When is an odds ratio used case-control studies When is a relative risk ratio used? RCT or Cohort study Delayed puberty in girls Absence of secondary sexual characteristics by age 13 failure of menarche by 16delayed puberty in males no testicular growth has occurred by age 14 or no skeletal growth spurt has occurred by age 18 constitutional growth delay MCC of growth delay. growth lags behind others in same age but remains consistent. Often there is family history Will have delayed bone ageBence-Jones proteinuria tubular casts with foreign body giant cell reaction light chains are toxic to the renal tubular epithelium occurs in MMMultiple myeloma CRAB C: hypercalcemia R: renal involvement w/ proteinuria (amyloid) A: anemia B: bone lytic lesions/back pain