2
PSYC 2490 - Abnormal Psych Exam with precise detailed || || || || || || || || ||
solutions
in addition to the structural brain changes observed in schizophrenia, ________________
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
changes are well documented and are often linked to structural abnormalities such that
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
regions that have ________________ neural tissues also seem to function atypically.
|| || || || || || || || || ||
functional; reduced ||
what is the most broadly accepted system for identifying particular types of disorders?
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
the current edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) of
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
the American Psychiatric Association
|| || ||
describe the two problems associated with defining abnormality
|| || || || || || ||
1. eccentric and unusual behaviour of beliefs are not necessarily abnormal according to the
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
diagnostic criteria ||
2. behaviours that are repugnant and threatening to others (e.g., aggression and murder) are
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
not always signs of an underlying psychological disorder
|| || || || || || || ||
psychological abnormality ||
behaviour, speech, or thoughts that impairs the ability of a person to function in a way that
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
is generally expected of them in the context where the usual functioning occurs.
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
mental illness ||
a term used to convey the same meaning as psychology, but it implies a medical rather than
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
psychological cause. ||
psychological disorder ||
a specific manifestation of mental illness as described by some set of criteria established by
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
a panel of experts.
|| || ||
psychopathology
both the scientific study of psychological abnormality and the problems faced by people
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
who suffer from such disorders.
|| || || ||
what are the principles used to define abnormality?
|| || || || || || ||
,2
statistical concepts: behaviour is judged abnormally if it occurs infrequently in the
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
population, however, it's unclear what is considered normal behaviour. || || || || || || || ||
personal distress: many people who are considered to have a psychological disorder report
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
being distressed, however, distress is not present for all people.
|| || || || || || || || ||
personal dysfunction: when behaviour is clearly maladaptive, it is typically said to be
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
abnormal, however, the definition of dysfunction is not clearly outlined.
|| || || || || || || || ||
violation of norms: the behaviour and thoughts of many individuals with mental disorders
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
run counter to what we might consider appropriate.
|| || || || || || ||
diagnosis by an expert: the identification of a psychological disorder in any specific
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
individual is ultimately left to a professional to judge (e.g., clinical psychologist).
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
psychological dysfunction in various historical periods was thought to result from what? || || || || || || || || || || || ||
what did treatment typically involve?
|| || || ||
it was thought to result from either possession by demons or the witchcraft of evil people.
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
treatment typically involved ridding the mad person of these influences by exorcism or
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
other magical/spiritual means.
|| ||
what is "trephination" and why was this conducted?
|| || || || || || ||
it refers to a prehistoric form of surgery possibly intended to let out evil spirits; it involved
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
chipping a hole in a person's skull and was done with the intention to let out evil spirits that
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
were presumably causing the victim to engage in severely abnormal behaviour.
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
what was seen as the cause of madness in early human societies?
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
demonic possession was popularly accepted in early societies as the cause of madness.
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
what types of causes for mental disorders were emphasized during the Greek and Roman
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
time period? ||
temples of healing emphasized natural causes for mental disorders.
|| || || || || || || ||
who is Hippocrates? which popular belief did he deny?
|| || || || || || || ||
considered a great physician and the father of modern medicine, he denied the popular
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
belief that psychological problems were caused by the intervention of gods or demons.
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
,2
what were Hippocrates' beliefs around mental illness and what treatment approach did he
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
advocate for? ||
he believed that all disorders had natural causes and did not distinguish mental diseases
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
from physical diseases. he advocated for a quiet life, a vegetarian diet, exercise, and
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
abstaining from alcohol as treatment. || || || ||
why did Hippocrates value vomiting or bleeding as a treatment? in other words, where did
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
this claim stem from?
|| || ||
it stemmed from his idea that psychological functioning resulted from disturbances of
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
bodily fluids, or humours, as they were called back then.
|| || || || || || || || ||
what is hysteria and what did Hippocrates believe was the cause of this?
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
a term once used to describe a symptom pattern characterized by emotional excitability and
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
physical symptoms without any organic cause; Hippocrates believed that it only occurred in
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
women and was due to a "wandering" uterus. || || || || || || ||
why did Hippocrates' absurd ideas represent a significant advance?
|| || || || || || || ||
his theories encouraged the beginnings of a scientific understanding of disordered
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
behaviour and thought; essentially, it shifted our understanding to natural causes rather
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
than demonic possession and supernatural events.
|| || || || ||
who advocated the humane treatment of mental patients?
|| || || || || || ||
Aristotle
what are the "Temples of Saturn"?|| || || || ||
they were sanatoriums for people who were psychologically unwell. they provided pleasant
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
and peaceful surroundings, the opportunity for interesting and calming activities, healthful
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
diets, soothing massages, and education.
|| || || ||
which most important and best-known school of thought rejected Hippocrates' theories of
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
mental illness? who was the principal advocate of this school of thought?
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
Methodism; Soranus of Ephesus || || ||
who provided the first clinical observations of disorders and made the first attempts at
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
classification?
the Greeks ||
, 2
how did the Greeks approach treatment of mental disorders? how did the Romans approach
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
treatment of mental disorders?
|| || || ||
Greeks; primarly physical, but some psychological and social components were typically
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
included.
Romans; provide comfortable surroundings for patients; even when they employed physical
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
treatments, Romans did not use any stressful procedures, preferring things like warm baths.
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
how were and are the mentally disabled treated in the Arab world?
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
then, mentally disabled individuals were treated gently, with compassion, support, and
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
kindness. today, they are still treated with sympathy. || || || || || || ||
during the Middle Ages, physicians held what belief about mad people? what were these
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
people in need of? || || ||
physicians believed that they were possessed and in need of an exorcism.
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
who primarily treated and cared for people suffering from mental disorders? what approach
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
did they take to treatment? how did that change over time?
|| || || || || || || || || ||
the clergy; their approach to treatment was generally caring, typically mild, and emphasized
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
prayer. however, as the belief in demonic possession became more popular, exorcism
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
replaced gentler methods. the exorcisms were initially mild, but became more and more
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
vigorous over time. || ||
who was Paracelsus? what theory did he reject and what were his beliefs with regards to
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
mental illness? ||
he was a famous Swiss alchemist and physician. he rejected the four-humours theory of the
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
Greeks and Romans, and believed that all mental illness resulted from disturbances of the
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
spiritus vitae (breath of life). || || || ||
what was the intention of asylums and what did they end up becoming?
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
the initial intention asylums were compassionate, however, the reality was that most
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
asylums were places where the residents were treated cruelly and lived in appalling
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
conditions.
how were funds raised to run the asylum provided by Henry VIII?
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
those in charge had to raise funds by whatever means they could. one procedure was to
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
invite the public to visit the asylum and charge them a small sum. the entrance fee provided
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
PSYC 2490 - Abnormal Psych Exam with precise detailed || || || || || || || || ||
solutions
in addition to the structural brain changes observed in schizophrenia, ________________
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
changes are well documented and are often linked to structural abnormalities such that
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
regions that have ________________ neural tissues also seem to function atypically.
|| || || || || || || || || ||
functional; reduced ||
what is the most broadly accepted system for identifying particular types of disorders?
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
the current edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) of
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
the American Psychiatric Association
|| || ||
describe the two problems associated with defining abnormality
|| || || || || || ||
1. eccentric and unusual behaviour of beliefs are not necessarily abnormal according to the
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
diagnostic criteria ||
2. behaviours that are repugnant and threatening to others (e.g., aggression and murder) are
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
not always signs of an underlying psychological disorder
|| || || || || || || ||
psychological abnormality ||
behaviour, speech, or thoughts that impairs the ability of a person to function in a way that
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
is generally expected of them in the context where the usual functioning occurs.
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
mental illness ||
a term used to convey the same meaning as psychology, but it implies a medical rather than
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
psychological cause. ||
psychological disorder ||
a specific manifestation of mental illness as described by some set of criteria established by
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
a panel of experts.
|| || ||
psychopathology
both the scientific study of psychological abnormality and the problems faced by people
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
who suffer from such disorders.
|| || || ||
what are the principles used to define abnormality?
|| || || || || || ||
,2
statistical concepts: behaviour is judged abnormally if it occurs infrequently in the
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
population, however, it's unclear what is considered normal behaviour. || || || || || || || ||
personal distress: many people who are considered to have a psychological disorder report
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
being distressed, however, distress is not present for all people.
|| || || || || || || || ||
personal dysfunction: when behaviour is clearly maladaptive, it is typically said to be
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
abnormal, however, the definition of dysfunction is not clearly outlined.
|| || || || || || || || ||
violation of norms: the behaviour and thoughts of many individuals with mental disorders
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
run counter to what we might consider appropriate.
|| || || || || || ||
diagnosis by an expert: the identification of a psychological disorder in any specific
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
individual is ultimately left to a professional to judge (e.g., clinical psychologist).
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
psychological dysfunction in various historical periods was thought to result from what? || || || || || || || || || || || ||
what did treatment typically involve?
|| || || ||
it was thought to result from either possession by demons or the witchcraft of evil people.
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
treatment typically involved ridding the mad person of these influences by exorcism or
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
other magical/spiritual means.
|| ||
what is "trephination" and why was this conducted?
|| || || || || || ||
it refers to a prehistoric form of surgery possibly intended to let out evil spirits; it involved
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
chipping a hole in a person's skull and was done with the intention to let out evil spirits that
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
were presumably causing the victim to engage in severely abnormal behaviour.
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
what was seen as the cause of madness in early human societies?
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
demonic possession was popularly accepted in early societies as the cause of madness.
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
what types of causes for mental disorders were emphasized during the Greek and Roman
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
time period? ||
temples of healing emphasized natural causes for mental disorders.
|| || || || || || || ||
who is Hippocrates? which popular belief did he deny?
|| || || || || || || ||
considered a great physician and the father of modern medicine, he denied the popular
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
belief that psychological problems were caused by the intervention of gods or demons.
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
,2
what were Hippocrates' beliefs around mental illness and what treatment approach did he
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
advocate for? ||
he believed that all disorders had natural causes and did not distinguish mental diseases
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
from physical diseases. he advocated for a quiet life, a vegetarian diet, exercise, and
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
abstaining from alcohol as treatment. || || || ||
why did Hippocrates value vomiting or bleeding as a treatment? in other words, where did
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
this claim stem from?
|| || ||
it stemmed from his idea that psychological functioning resulted from disturbances of
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
bodily fluids, or humours, as they were called back then.
|| || || || || || || || ||
what is hysteria and what did Hippocrates believe was the cause of this?
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
a term once used to describe a symptom pattern characterized by emotional excitability and
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
physical symptoms without any organic cause; Hippocrates believed that it only occurred in
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
women and was due to a "wandering" uterus. || || || || || || ||
why did Hippocrates' absurd ideas represent a significant advance?
|| || || || || || || ||
his theories encouraged the beginnings of a scientific understanding of disordered
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
behaviour and thought; essentially, it shifted our understanding to natural causes rather
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
than demonic possession and supernatural events.
|| || || || ||
who advocated the humane treatment of mental patients?
|| || || || || || ||
Aristotle
what are the "Temples of Saturn"?|| || || || ||
they were sanatoriums for people who were psychologically unwell. they provided pleasant
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
and peaceful surroundings, the opportunity for interesting and calming activities, healthful
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
diets, soothing massages, and education.
|| || || ||
which most important and best-known school of thought rejected Hippocrates' theories of
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
mental illness? who was the principal advocate of this school of thought?
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
Methodism; Soranus of Ephesus || || ||
who provided the first clinical observations of disorders and made the first attempts at
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
classification?
the Greeks ||
, 2
how did the Greeks approach treatment of mental disorders? how did the Romans approach
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
treatment of mental disorders?
|| || || ||
Greeks; primarly physical, but some psychological and social components were typically
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
included.
Romans; provide comfortable surroundings for patients; even when they employed physical
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
treatments, Romans did not use any stressful procedures, preferring things like warm baths.
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
how were and are the mentally disabled treated in the Arab world?
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
then, mentally disabled individuals were treated gently, with compassion, support, and
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
kindness. today, they are still treated with sympathy. || || || || || || ||
during the Middle Ages, physicians held what belief about mad people? what were these
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
people in need of? || || ||
physicians believed that they were possessed and in need of an exorcism.
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
who primarily treated and cared for people suffering from mental disorders? what approach
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
did they take to treatment? how did that change over time?
|| || || || || || || || || ||
the clergy; their approach to treatment was generally caring, typically mild, and emphasized
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
prayer. however, as the belief in demonic possession became more popular, exorcism
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
replaced gentler methods. the exorcisms were initially mild, but became more and more
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
vigorous over time. || ||
who was Paracelsus? what theory did he reject and what were his beliefs with regards to
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
mental illness? ||
he was a famous Swiss alchemist and physician. he rejected the four-humours theory of the
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
Greeks and Romans, and believed that all mental illness resulted from disturbances of the
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
spiritus vitae (breath of life). || || || ||
what was the intention of asylums and what did they end up becoming?
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
the initial intention asylums were compassionate, however, the reality was that most
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
asylums were places where the residents were treated cruelly and lived in appalling
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
conditions.
how were funds raised to run the asylum provided by Henry VIII?
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
those in charge had to raise funds by whatever means they could. one procedure was to
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
invite the public to visit the asylum and charge them a small sum. the entrance fee provided
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
