NRSG 2350 - EXAM 3 UPDATED ACTUAL Questions and
CORRECT Answers
Angiotensin II potent vasoconstrictor
what is a vasoconstrictor t causes blood vessels to constrict, which increases blood pressure.
Arrhythmias are irregularities in the heartbeat
what causes arrhythmia? -Electrolyte imbalances (e.g., potassium, sodium
)-Ischemic heart disease (e.g., coronary artery disease)
-Heart disease (e.g., heart failure, cardiomyopathy)- -Structural heart
abnormalities
- Medications or drug toxicity
-Stress or excessive caffeine/alcohol consumption
Components of a blood pressure Systolic, Diastolic and Mean arterial pressure
systolic pressure is The pressure in the arteries when the heart beats.
diastolic pressure is The pressure in the arteries when the heart rests between beats.
Mean arterial pressure is The average pressure in a person's arteries during one cardiac cycle
cardiac output The volume of blood the heart pumps per minute
Peripheral Vascular Resistance (PVR) The resistance that must be overcome to push blood through the circulatory
system.
edema is the accumulation of fluid in the tissues, leading to swelling
where can you see edema Feet, ankles, Legs, Hands.
Causes of Edema (pathological) Heart Failure, Kidney disease, Liver Disease, injury or infection
how to treat edema Elevate the area and or diuretics
normal bp 120/80
pre hypertensive 139/89
hypertensive 140/90
hyperlipidemia high cholesterol
, treatment for hyperlipidemia Lifestyle changes and Medications (Statins)
triglycerides Fats used for energy; high levels can lead to cardiovascular disease.
cholesterol includes HDL and LDL
Hyperlipidemia high amount of lipids in the blood
cholesterol labs are lipid panel
LDL Lethal Cholesterol (CVD)
HDL Healthy Cholesterol
Orthostatic Hypotension is a drop in blood pressure when standing up from sitting or lying down, leading
to dizziness or lightheadedness.
causes of orthostatic hypotension dehydration, bed rest, anti HTN meds.
greater orthostatic hypotension in geriatrics because decreased baroreceptor sensitivity and vascular response.
Hypovolemia contributes by decreasing blood volume, which reduces blood pressure upon
standing
hypertension involves Increased systemic vascular constricted blood vessels and Dysregulation of hormones
resistance due to
RAAS Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System - A hormonal system that regulates blood
pressure and fluid balance
Renin is released from the kidneys
Aldosterone leading to sodium and water retention
what is the cardiac muscle cells type Cardiac muscle (striated and involuntary)
considerations for cardiac muscle Includes the need for continuous oxygen supply, the ability to contract
rhythmically and forcefully, and susceptibility to ischemia and arrhythmias.
Arterial Circulation Carries oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the tissues; characterized by high
pressure, thicker walls, and a pulsatile flow.
Venous Circulation Returns oxygen-poor blood to the heart; characterized by lower pressure, thinner
walls, and valves to prevent backflow.
CORRECT Answers
Angiotensin II potent vasoconstrictor
what is a vasoconstrictor t causes blood vessels to constrict, which increases blood pressure.
Arrhythmias are irregularities in the heartbeat
what causes arrhythmia? -Electrolyte imbalances (e.g., potassium, sodium
)-Ischemic heart disease (e.g., coronary artery disease)
-Heart disease (e.g., heart failure, cardiomyopathy)- -Structural heart
abnormalities
- Medications or drug toxicity
-Stress or excessive caffeine/alcohol consumption
Components of a blood pressure Systolic, Diastolic and Mean arterial pressure
systolic pressure is The pressure in the arteries when the heart beats.
diastolic pressure is The pressure in the arteries when the heart rests between beats.
Mean arterial pressure is The average pressure in a person's arteries during one cardiac cycle
cardiac output The volume of blood the heart pumps per minute
Peripheral Vascular Resistance (PVR) The resistance that must be overcome to push blood through the circulatory
system.
edema is the accumulation of fluid in the tissues, leading to swelling
where can you see edema Feet, ankles, Legs, Hands.
Causes of Edema (pathological) Heart Failure, Kidney disease, Liver Disease, injury or infection
how to treat edema Elevate the area and or diuretics
normal bp 120/80
pre hypertensive 139/89
hypertensive 140/90
hyperlipidemia high cholesterol
, treatment for hyperlipidemia Lifestyle changes and Medications (Statins)
triglycerides Fats used for energy; high levels can lead to cardiovascular disease.
cholesterol includes HDL and LDL
Hyperlipidemia high amount of lipids in the blood
cholesterol labs are lipid panel
LDL Lethal Cholesterol (CVD)
HDL Healthy Cholesterol
Orthostatic Hypotension is a drop in blood pressure when standing up from sitting or lying down, leading
to dizziness or lightheadedness.
causes of orthostatic hypotension dehydration, bed rest, anti HTN meds.
greater orthostatic hypotension in geriatrics because decreased baroreceptor sensitivity and vascular response.
Hypovolemia contributes by decreasing blood volume, which reduces blood pressure upon
standing
hypertension involves Increased systemic vascular constricted blood vessels and Dysregulation of hormones
resistance due to
RAAS Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System - A hormonal system that regulates blood
pressure and fluid balance
Renin is released from the kidneys
Aldosterone leading to sodium and water retention
what is the cardiac muscle cells type Cardiac muscle (striated and involuntary)
considerations for cardiac muscle Includes the need for continuous oxygen supply, the ability to contract
rhythmically and forcefully, and susceptibility to ischemia and arrhythmias.
Arterial Circulation Carries oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the tissues; characterized by high
pressure, thicker walls, and a pulsatile flow.
Venous Circulation Returns oxygen-poor blood to the heart; characterized by lower pressure, thinner
walls, and valves to prevent backflow.
