NU 578 UNIT 4
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📋 DOCUMENT OVERVIEW 65 Qs
This document, "NU 578 Unit 4," covers various topics in pharmacology, including insulin use and
metabolic actions, anti-diabetic medications such as metformin, DPP-4 inhibitors, and SGLT-2 inhibitors,
as well as cardiovascular and rheumatologic medications like propranolol, glucocorticoids, adalimumab,
and rituximab. Each question is provided with a correct answer and detailed explanation, offering a
comprehensive review of these pharmacological concepts. Students can utilize this document to study,
review, and deepen their understanding of these topics, facilitating exam preparation and knowledge
retention.
✓ Verified Answers ✓ Exam Ready ✓ Study Guide
Trusted by thousands of students and professionals worldwide
EXAM QUESTIONS
QUESTION 1
Insulin use
CORRECT ANSWER
Insulin is used to treat all patients with type 1 and many with type 2 diabetes. consists of two amino acid
chains (a acidic and b basic) linked by two disulfide bridges. it is synthesized in the pancreas by b ce;;s
within islets of langerhans. insulin is released by rise in blood sugar (eating a. meal).
Anaolic reaction (insulin promotes conservation of energy and buildup of energy stores)
RATIONALE: Insulin's role in treating diabetes, particularly type 1, is due to its ability to regulate blood sugar levels by
promoting glucose uptake in cells and conserving energy. The anabolic reaction described is a key mechanism by which
insulin achieves this, allowing cells to store energy in the form of glycogen and other molecules.
QUESTION 2
Insulin metabolic actions
CORRECT ANSWER
Insulin promotes glucose into glycogen, amino acids assembled into proteins, fatty acids into triglycerides.
Insulin deficiency promotes glycogen into glucose, proteins into amino acids, and fats into glycerol.
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, RATIONALE: When insulin is present in the body, it triggers the storage of excess glucose as glycogen, amino acids are
used to build proteins, and fatty acids are assembled into triglycerides. Conversely, in the absence of insulin, the body is
signaled to break down stored energy sources, releasing glycogen back into glucose, proteins into amino acids, and fats
into glycerol and fatty acids for energy use.
QUESTION 3
Metformin use
CORRECT ANSWER
Biguanide
used for type 2 DM. oral anti diabetic. may be used with other drugs. can be used for prevention of type 2
diabetes, GDM, PCOS.
Reduces GI absorbance of glucose and hepatic production of glucose. Does not stimulate insulin release
from the pancreas.
Increases HDL, decreases BP, promotes weight loss.
RATIONALE: This answer is correct because it accurately describes the primary mechanism of action and benefits of
Metformin, a type of oral antidiabetic medication used to treat type 2 diabetes. The information provided aligns with
established medical knowledge about Metformin's effects on glucose absorption and production, pancreatic insulin
release, and overall cardiovascular health.
QUESTION 4
DPP-4 Inhibitors (gliptins)
CORRECT ANSWER
go to pancreas and increase insulin release.
Example is Sitaglitpin
RATIONALE: DPP-4 inhibitors, or gliptins like Sitaglitpin, work by inhibiting the enzyme DPP-4, which normally breaks
down incretin hormones, thereby increasing their levels and stimulating insulin release from the pancreas in response to
meals, thus lowering blood glucose levels. This mechanism of action is the underlying reason why "go to pancreas and
increase insulin release" accurately describes the action of DPP-4 inhibitors, making it a correct answer to the question.
QUESTION 5
Sodium Glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT-2 inhibitors). (gliflozins)
CORRECT ANSWER
Example: empagliflozin
increases urine excretion of glucose, taken PO, reduces cardiovascular risk of type 2 diabetes.
SE: yeast infections and genital gangrene
RATIONALE: The example of empagliflozin is a correct representation of an SGLT-2 inhibitor because it specifically
targets the sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 in the kidneys, which is the mechanism by which it increases urine excretion
of glucose and reduces cardiovascular risk in type 2 diabetes patients. The side effects mentioned, such as yeast
infections and genital gangrene, are also consistent with the known adverse effects of SGLT-2 inhibitors due to their
mechanism of action.
QUESTION 6
Incretin Mimetics ('tides)
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, CORRECT ANSWER
injectables that slow gastric emptying, causes weight loss and help an overwhelmed pancreas.
RATIONALE: Injectables that slow gastric emptying, cause weight loss, and help an overwhelmed pancreas are correct
because this description aligns with the primary mechanism and benefits of GLP-1 receptor agonists, a type of Incretin
Mimetic. By slowing gastric emptying, these medications reduce the rate at which food enters the small intestine,
thereby promoting weight loss and alleviating pancreatic stress.
QUESTION 7
solfonylureas
CORRECT ANSWER
stimulate pancreas to release more insulin. range in onset, duration, and potency and are only used for
type 2 diabetes. there are first generation and second generation. second are more potent and doses are
lower and drug drug interactions are less common
AE: hypoglycemia
RATIONALE: Sulfonylureas work by stimulating the pancreas to release more insulin, which helps control blood sugar
levels in type 2 diabetes patients. This class of medications has undergone evolution into first and second-generation
versions, with the latter being more potent and having lower doses, fewer interactions with other drugs, and a lower risk
of hypoglycemia.
QUESTION 8
Acarbose
CORRECT ANSWER
a glucosidase inhibitor
oral anti diabetic agent that inhibits breakdown of oligosaccharides into monosaccharides. this delays
digestion and prolongs absorption of carbs and decreases postprandial hyperglycemia!!
ADR: FI upset and flatulence.
take this with first bite of each meal.
RATIONALE: The description highlights Acarbose's mechanism of action, specifically its inhibition of glucosidase, which
delays the breakdown of oligosaccharides into monosaccharides, thereby prolonging carbohydrate absorption and
reducing postprandial blood sugar spikes. The side effects mentioned, such as flatulence and gastrointestinal upset, are
also consistent with Acarbose's known effects, further supporting its identification as the correct oral anti-diabetic agent.
QUESTION 9
Insulin Complications/ Drug Interactions
CORRECT ANSWER
hypoglycemia caused by overdose.
hypoglycemic agents (sulfonylureas, glinides, and alcohol), hyperglycemia agents, b adrenergic blocking
agents.
RATIONALE: This answer is correct because it highlights specific types of medications that can cause interactions with
insulin, either by exacerbating hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) through excessive insulin stimulation or by blocking the
body's natural ability to respond to insulin, leading to hyperglycemia (high blood sugar). By identifying these interactions,
it demonstrates an understanding of the complex relationships between insulin and various medications that can impact
glucose regulation.
Trusted by thousands of students and professionals worldwide
Page 3 of 19
65+ (Latest 2026 Edition) 100% Verified Q&A + Answer Key Solutions
100% Guarantee Pass
📋 DOCUMENT OVERVIEW 65 Qs
This document, "NU 578 Unit 4," covers various topics in pharmacology, including insulin use and
metabolic actions, anti-diabetic medications such as metformin, DPP-4 inhibitors, and SGLT-2 inhibitors,
as well as cardiovascular and rheumatologic medications like propranolol, glucocorticoids, adalimumab,
and rituximab. Each question is provided with a correct answer and detailed explanation, offering a
comprehensive review of these pharmacological concepts. Students can utilize this document to study,
review, and deepen their understanding of these topics, facilitating exam preparation and knowledge
retention.
✓ Verified Answers ✓ Exam Ready ✓ Study Guide
Trusted by thousands of students and professionals worldwide
EXAM QUESTIONS
QUESTION 1
Insulin use
CORRECT ANSWER
Insulin is used to treat all patients with type 1 and many with type 2 diabetes. consists of two amino acid
chains (a acidic and b basic) linked by two disulfide bridges. it is synthesized in the pancreas by b ce;;s
within islets of langerhans. insulin is released by rise in blood sugar (eating a. meal).
Anaolic reaction (insulin promotes conservation of energy and buildup of energy stores)
RATIONALE: Insulin's role in treating diabetes, particularly type 1, is due to its ability to regulate blood sugar levels by
promoting glucose uptake in cells and conserving energy. The anabolic reaction described is a key mechanism by which
insulin achieves this, allowing cells to store energy in the form of glycogen and other molecules.
QUESTION 2
Insulin metabolic actions
CORRECT ANSWER
Insulin promotes glucose into glycogen, amino acids assembled into proteins, fatty acids into triglycerides.
Insulin deficiency promotes glycogen into glucose, proteins into amino acids, and fats into glycerol.
Trusted by thousands of students and professionals worldwide Page 1 of 19
, RATIONALE: When insulin is present in the body, it triggers the storage of excess glucose as glycogen, amino acids are
used to build proteins, and fatty acids are assembled into triglycerides. Conversely, in the absence of insulin, the body is
signaled to break down stored energy sources, releasing glycogen back into glucose, proteins into amino acids, and fats
into glycerol and fatty acids for energy use.
QUESTION 3
Metformin use
CORRECT ANSWER
Biguanide
used for type 2 DM. oral anti diabetic. may be used with other drugs. can be used for prevention of type 2
diabetes, GDM, PCOS.
Reduces GI absorbance of glucose and hepatic production of glucose. Does not stimulate insulin release
from the pancreas.
Increases HDL, decreases BP, promotes weight loss.
RATIONALE: This answer is correct because it accurately describes the primary mechanism of action and benefits of
Metformin, a type of oral antidiabetic medication used to treat type 2 diabetes. The information provided aligns with
established medical knowledge about Metformin's effects on glucose absorption and production, pancreatic insulin
release, and overall cardiovascular health.
QUESTION 4
DPP-4 Inhibitors (gliptins)
CORRECT ANSWER
go to pancreas and increase insulin release.
Example is Sitaglitpin
RATIONALE: DPP-4 inhibitors, or gliptins like Sitaglitpin, work by inhibiting the enzyme DPP-4, which normally breaks
down incretin hormones, thereby increasing their levels and stimulating insulin release from the pancreas in response to
meals, thus lowering blood glucose levels. This mechanism of action is the underlying reason why "go to pancreas and
increase insulin release" accurately describes the action of DPP-4 inhibitors, making it a correct answer to the question.
QUESTION 5
Sodium Glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT-2 inhibitors). (gliflozins)
CORRECT ANSWER
Example: empagliflozin
increases urine excretion of glucose, taken PO, reduces cardiovascular risk of type 2 diabetes.
SE: yeast infections and genital gangrene
RATIONALE: The example of empagliflozin is a correct representation of an SGLT-2 inhibitor because it specifically
targets the sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 in the kidneys, which is the mechanism by which it increases urine excretion
of glucose and reduces cardiovascular risk in type 2 diabetes patients. The side effects mentioned, such as yeast
infections and genital gangrene, are also consistent with the known adverse effects of SGLT-2 inhibitors due to their
mechanism of action.
QUESTION 6
Incretin Mimetics ('tides)
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, CORRECT ANSWER
injectables that slow gastric emptying, causes weight loss and help an overwhelmed pancreas.
RATIONALE: Injectables that slow gastric emptying, cause weight loss, and help an overwhelmed pancreas are correct
because this description aligns with the primary mechanism and benefits of GLP-1 receptor agonists, a type of Incretin
Mimetic. By slowing gastric emptying, these medications reduce the rate at which food enters the small intestine,
thereby promoting weight loss and alleviating pancreatic stress.
QUESTION 7
solfonylureas
CORRECT ANSWER
stimulate pancreas to release more insulin. range in onset, duration, and potency and are only used for
type 2 diabetes. there are first generation and second generation. second are more potent and doses are
lower and drug drug interactions are less common
AE: hypoglycemia
RATIONALE: Sulfonylureas work by stimulating the pancreas to release more insulin, which helps control blood sugar
levels in type 2 diabetes patients. This class of medications has undergone evolution into first and second-generation
versions, with the latter being more potent and having lower doses, fewer interactions with other drugs, and a lower risk
of hypoglycemia.
QUESTION 8
Acarbose
CORRECT ANSWER
a glucosidase inhibitor
oral anti diabetic agent that inhibits breakdown of oligosaccharides into monosaccharides. this delays
digestion and prolongs absorption of carbs and decreases postprandial hyperglycemia!!
ADR: FI upset and flatulence.
take this with first bite of each meal.
RATIONALE: The description highlights Acarbose's mechanism of action, specifically its inhibition of glucosidase, which
delays the breakdown of oligosaccharides into monosaccharides, thereby prolonging carbohydrate absorption and
reducing postprandial blood sugar spikes. The side effects mentioned, such as flatulence and gastrointestinal upset, are
also consistent with Acarbose's known effects, further supporting its identification as the correct oral anti-diabetic agent.
QUESTION 9
Insulin Complications/ Drug Interactions
CORRECT ANSWER
hypoglycemia caused by overdose.
hypoglycemic agents (sulfonylureas, glinides, and alcohol), hyperglycemia agents, b adrenergic blocking
agents.
RATIONALE: This answer is correct because it highlights specific types of medications that can cause interactions with
insulin, either by exacerbating hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) through excessive insulin stimulation or by blocking the
body's natural ability to respond to insulin, leading to hyperglycemia (high blood sugar). By identifying these interactions,
it demonstrates an understanding of the complex relationships between insulin and various medications that can impact
glucose regulation.
Trusted by thousands of students and professionals worldwide
Page 3 of 19
