BIO 150 EXAM 1 UTK MAMANTOV 2026
PRACTICE TEST QUESTIONS AND DETAILED
BIOLOGY CONTENT BREAKDOWN FULL
REVIEW
◉ How do missense point mutations influence phenotype. Answer:
There is a change in nucleotide sequence that changes the amino
acid specified by codon.
◉ How do nonsense point mutations influence phenotype. Answer:
There is a change in nucleotide sequence that results in an early stop
codon.
◉ How do frameshift point mutations influence phenotype? Answer:
There is an addition or deletion of a nucleotide.
◉ What is a point mutation?. Answer: A point mutation is a mutation
that alters the sequence of one or a small number of base pairs.
◉ Distinguish between beneficial, neutral, and deleterious
mutations. Answer: 1. Beneficial: increase the ability of an organism
to survive and reproduce
2. Neutral: mutation has no effect on survival and reproduction
,3. Deleterious: decrease the ability of an organism to survive and
reproduce
◉ What is chromosome mutation?. Answer: larger scale mutation
that change either the structure or number of chromosomes
◉ Describe the types of chromosomal rearrangement and explain
how they can influence phenotype. Answer: 1. Deletion: breaks in
chromosomes are common and broken segments can be lost
2. Inversion: segments of broken chromosomes may be flipped and
rejoined
3. Duplication: one or more additional copies of a segment
4. Translocation: a broken piece of a chromosome can become
attached to a different chromosome
◉ Define genes and chromosomes. Answer: Gene: a section of DNA
which codes for a protein (active cell machinery)
Chromosome: organized DNA that are made up of a single long DNA
double helix wrapped around histone proteins
◉ Explain how genes and chromosomes are related. Answer:
Chromosomes are structures within cells that contain a person's
genes. Genes are contained in chromosomes, which are in the cell
nucleus.
, ◉ What does diploid and haploid mean?. Answer: Haploid: one copy
of each gene, one set of chromosomes
Diploid: two sets of chromosomes
◉ Define dominant and recessive alleles. Answer: Dominant traits /
alleles: phenotypic effect is observed when the allele is present
Recessive traits / alleles: phenotypic effect is only observed when it
is present in homozygous form
◉ Define heterozygous and homozygous genotypes. Answer:
Homozygous individuals: have two copies of the same allele of a
gene
Heterozygous individuals: have two different alleles of a gene
◉ Explain how the words "true-breeding" and "hybrid" link to
homozygote and heterozygote. Answer: Pure-breeding lines:
produce offspring identical to the parents (homozygous)
Hybrid: heterozygous for the gene (two different alleles).
Two pure-breeding parents crossed result in "hybrids".
◉ Explain the principle of segregation. Answer: Two members of
each gene pair must segregate (separate) into different gametes (egg
& sperm).
PRACTICE TEST QUESTIONS AND DETAILED
BIOLOGY CONTENT BREAKDOWN FULL
REVIEW
◉ How do missense point mutations influence phenotype. Answer:
There is a change in nucleotide sequence that changes the amino
acid specified by codon.
◉ How do nonsense point mutations influence phenotype. Answer:
There is a change in nucleotide sequence that results in an early stop
codon.
◉ How do frameshift point mutations influence phenotype? Answer:
There is an addition or deletion of a nucleotide.
◉ What is a point mutation?. Answer: A point mutation is a mutation
that alters the sequence of one or a small number of base pairs.
◉ Distinguish between beneficial, neutral, and deleterious
mutations. Answer: 1. Beneficial: increase the ability of an organism
to survive and reproduce
2. Neutral: mutation has no effect on survival and reproduction
,3. Deleterious: decrease the ability of an organism to survive and
reproduce
◉ What is chromosome mutation?. Answer: larger scale mutation
that change either the structure or number of chromosomes
◉ Describe the types of chromosomal rearrangement and explain
how they can influence phenotype. Answer: 1. Deletion: breaks in
chromosomes are common and broken segments can be lost
2. Inversion: segments of broken chromosomes may be flipped and
rejoined
3. Duplication: one or more additional copies of a segment
4. Translocation: a broken piece of a chromosome can become
attached to a different chromosome
◉ Define genes and chromosomes. Answer: Gene: a section of DNA
which codes for a protein (active cell machinery)
Chromosome: organized DNA that are made up of a single long DNA
double helix wrapped around histone proteins
◉ Explain how genes and chromosomes are related. Answer:
Chromosomes are structures within cells that contain a person's
genes. Genes are contained in chromosomes, which are in the cell
nucleus.
, ◉ What does diploid and haploid mean?. Answer: Haploid: one copy
of each gene, one set of chromosomes
Diploid: two sets of chromosomes
◉ Define dominant and recessive alleles. Answer: Dominant traits /
alleles: phenotypic effect is observed when the allele is present
Recessive traits / alleles: phenotypic effect is only observed when it
is present in homozygous form
◉ Define heterozygous and homozygous genotypes. Answer:
Homozygous individuals: have two copies of the same allele of a
gene
Heterozygous individuals: have two different alleles of a gene
◉ Explain how the words "true-breeding" and "hybrid" link to
homozygote and heterozygote. Answer: Pure-breeding lines:
produce offspring identical to the parents (homozygous)
Hybrid: heterozygous for the gene (two different alleles).
Two pure-breeding parents crossed result in "hybrids".
◉ Explain the principle of segregation. Answer: Two members of
each gene pair must segregate (separate) into different gametes (egg
& sperm).
