BIO 168 CHAPTER 1 TO 3 STUDY
GUIDE 2026 COMPLETE QUESTIONS
AND VERIFIED ANSWERS
◉ sagittal plane. Answer: divides body into left and right
◉ anatomical position. Answer: To stand erect with arms at the sides
and palms of the hands turned forward
◉ Superior (cranial). Answer: toward the head
◉ Inferior (caudal). Answer: Lower on the body, farther from the head
◉ Anterior (ventral). Answer: toward the front of the body
◉ Posterior (dorsal). Answer: toward the back of the body
◉ Lateral. Answer: Away from the midline of the body
◉ Distal. Answer: away from the point of attachment
◉ Proximal. Answer: Closer to the point of attachment
,◉ Physiology. Answer: the study of how the body and its parts work or
function
◉ Gross Anatomy. Answer: Study of structures that can be seen with the
naked eye
◉ Regional Anatomy. Answer: Study of specific regions of the body
◉ systemic anatomy. Answer: body structure is studied system by
system
◉ surface anatomy. Answer: the study of internal structures as they
relate to the overlying skin surface
◉ Microscopic Anatomy. Answer: structures too small to be seen with
the naked eye
◉ Cytology. Answer: microscopic study of cells
◉ Histology. Answer: the study of the microscopic structure of tissues
◉ Complementarity of Structure and Function. Answer: The relationship
between a structure and its function; i.e., structure determines function
, ◉ What ways does physiology depend on anatomy. Answer: The
operation or function of a structure is promoted or prevented by its
anatomy.
◉ Tissue types. Answer: epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous
◉ Organ systems of the body. Answer: integumentary, skeletal,
muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory,
digestive, urinary, reproductive
◉ Organism. Answer: A living thing, the sum total of all structural
levels working together to keep us alive
◉ Levels of Structural Organization. Answer: 1. Chemical level (atoms
and molecules) 2. Cellular level (organelle & smooth muscle cell) 3.
Tissue level (smooth muscle tissue) 4. Organ level (epithelial,
connective tissue, etc) 5. Organ system 6. Organismal
◉ plasma membrane. Answer: Separates the intercellular fluid inside
cells from the extracellular fluid outside
◉ extracellular fluid. Answer: blood plasma and interstitial fluid
◉ integumentary system. Answer: Protects internal organs
GUIDE 2026 COMPLETE QUESTIONS
AND VERIFIED ANSWERS
◉ sagittal plane. Answer: divides body into left and right
◉ anatomical position. Answer: To stand erect with arms at the sides
and palms of the hands turned forward
◉ Superior (cranial). Answer: toward the head
◉ Inferior (caudal). Answer: Lower on the body, farther from the head
◉ Anterior (ventral). Answer: toward the front of the body
◉ Posterior (dorsal). Answer: toward the back of the body
◉ Lateral. Answer: Away from the midline of the body
◉ Distal. Answer: away from the point of attachment
◉ Proximal. Answer: Closer to the point of attachment
,◉ Physiology. Answer: the study of how the body and its parts work or
function
◉ Gross Anatomy. Answer: Study of structures that can be seen with the
naked eye
◉ Regional Anatomy. Answer: Study of specific regions of the body
◉ systemic anatomy. Answer: body structure is studied system by
system
◉ surface anatomy. Answer: the study of internal structures as they
relate to the overlying skin surface
◉ Microscopic Anatomy. Answer: structures too small to be seen with
the naked eye
◉ Cytology. Answer: microscopic study of cells
◉ Histology. Answer: the study of the microscopic structure of tissues
◉ Complementarity of Structure and Function. Answer: The relationship
between a structure and its function; i.e., structure determines function
, ◉ What ways does physiology depend on anatomy. Answer: The
operation or function of a structure is promoted or prevented by its
anatomy.
◉ Tissue types. Answer: epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous
◉ Organ systems of the body. Answer: integumentary, skeletal,
muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory,
digestive, urinary, reproductive
◉ Organism. Answer: A living thing, the sum total of all structural
levels working together to keep us alive
◉ Levels of Structural Organization. Answer: 1. Chemical level (atoms
and molecules) 2. Cellular level (organelle & smooth muscle cell) 3.
Tissue level (smooth muscle tissue) 4. Organ level (epithelial,
connective tissue, etc) 5. Organ system 6. Organismal
◉ plasma membrane. Answer: Separates the intercellular fluid inside
cells from the extracellular fluid outside
◉ extracellular fluid. Answer: blood plasma and interstitial fluid
◉ integumentary system. Answer: Protects internal organs
