BIO 250 FINAL EXAM 4 2026 KEY BIOLOGICAL
CONCEPTS AND REVISION PACK A+
◉ What did Robert Hooke do and what year? Answer: 1664
looked at slices of cork under a microscope @ 300X
◉ what did A.V. Leeuwenhoek do and what years did he live?
Answer: observed a cell under the microscope
lived from 1632-1723
◉ Ferdinand Cohn Answer: founder of bacteriology
◉ what did Louis Pasteur do Answer: 1. disproved spontaneous
generation (the theory that living organisms can arise from
nonliving things)
2. vaccination (produced rabies vaccine)
3. pasteurization
◉ who produced the rabbies vaccine Answer: Louis Pasteur
◉ what did rober koch do? and when did he live? Answer: 1843-
1910
,- germ theory (demonstrates that specific microorganisms cause
specific diseases)
- Koch's Postulates
- isolation of harmful pathogens
- developed techniques that further advanced microbiology
◉ what are the two theories of microbiology? Answer: 1. the cell
theory
2. the germ theory of disease
◉ what is the cell theory Answer: all cells are fundamental units of
life and carry out all basic funcitons of living things
◉ who developed the cell theory Answer: Theodor Schwann
◉ what is the germ theory of diseases? Answer: states that
microorganisms can invade other microorganisms and cause disease
◉ who developed the germ theory Answer: robert koch
◉ what did pasteur further contribute to microbiology Answer:
developed the technique of pasterization to kill unwanted
mricroorgansisms
,2. association of specific organisms with particular diseases
3. development of vaccines -- rabies vaccine
lived 1843-1910
◉ what are kochs 4 postulates? Answer: 1. the microbe must be
present in every case of the disease but absent from healthy
organisms
2. the suspected microbe must be isolated and grown in a pure
culture
3. the same disease must result when the isolated microbe is
inoculated into a healthy host
4. the same microbe must be isolated again from the diseased host
◉ what are the techniques for studying microorganisms Answer: 1.
fannie hesse- suggested that agar could be used as a solidifying
agent
2. richard petri- developed the first petri dish which was used to
contain the solid culture media (agar and nutrients)
3. robert koch - used these techniques to isolate the bacterium that
caused tuberculosis
, ◉ what did fannie hesse do to contribute to techniques for studying
microorganisms Answer: suggested that agar coud be used as a
solidifying agent
◉ what is agar? Answer: A polysaccharide derived from a marine
alga
◉ what did Richard Petri contribute to the techniques for studying
microorgansisms? Answer: developed the petri dish which was used
to contain the solid culture media (agar and nutrients)
◉ what did Robert Koch contriubute to teechniques for studying
microorganisms Answer: he used these techniques of agar and petri
dishes to isolate the bacterium that causes tuberculosis
◉ Discovery of round bacteria in chains Answer: 1874
Billroth
◉ Identification of Bacillus anthracis as a causative agent of anthrax
Answer: 1876
Koch
◉ Differentiation of Staphylococci Answer: 1878
CONCEPTS AND REVISION PACK A+
◉ What did Robert Hooke do and what year? Answer: 1664
looked at slices of cork under a microscope @ 300X
◉ what did A.V. Leeuwenhoek do and what years did he live?
Answer: observed a cell under the microscope
lived from 1632-1723
◉ Ferdinand Cohn Answer: founder of bacteriology
◉ what did Louis Pasteur do Answer: 1. disproved spontaneous
generation (the theory that living organisms can arise from
nonliving things)
2. vaccination (produced rabies vaccine)
3. pasteurization
◉ who produced the rabbies vaccine Answer: Louis Pasteur
◉ what did rober koch do? and when did he live? Answer: 1843-
1910
,- germ theory (demonstrates that specific microorganisms cause
specific diseases)
- Koch's Postulates
- isolation of harmful pathogens
- developed techniques that further advanced microbiology
◉ what are the two theories of microbiology? Answer: 1. the cell
theory
2. the germ theory of disease
◉ what is the cell theory Answer: all cells are fundamental units of
life and carry out all basic funcitons of living things
◉ who developed the cell theory Answer: Theodor Schwann
◉ what is the germ theory of diseases? Answer: states that
microorganisms can invade other microorganisms and cause disease
◉ who developed the germ theory Answer: robert koch
◉ what did pasteur further contribute to microbiology Answer:
developed the technique of pasterization to kill unwanted
mricroorgansisms
,2. association of specific organisms with particular diseases
3. development of vaccines -- rabies vaccine
lived 1843-1910
◉ what are kochs 4 postulates? Answer: 1. the microbe must be
present in every case of the disease but absent from healthy
organisms
2. the suspected microbe must be isolated and grown in a pure
culture
3. the same disease must result when the isolated microbe is
inoculated into a healthy host
4. the same microbe must be isolated again from the diseased host
◉ what are the techniques for studying microorganisms Answer: 1.
fannie hesse- suggested that agar could be used as a solidifying
agent
2. richard petri- developed the first petri dish which was used to
contain the solid culture media (agar and nutrients)
3. robert koch - used these techniques to isolate the bacterium that
caused tuberculosis
, ◉ what did fannie hesse do to contribute to techniques for studying
microorganisms Answer: suggested that agar coud be used as a
solidifying agent
◉ what is agar? Answer: A polysaccharide derived from a marine
alga
◉ what did Richard Petri contribute to the techniques for studying
microorgansisms? Answer: developed the petri dish which was used
to contain the solid culture media (agar and nutrients)
◉ what did Robert Koch contriubute to teechniques for studying
microorganisms Answer: he used these techniques of agar and petri
dishes to isolate the bacterium that causes tuberculosis
◉ Discovery of round bacteria in chains Answer: 1874
Billroth
◉ Identification of Bacillus anthracis as a causative agent of anthrax
Answer: 1876
Koch
◉ Differentiation of Staphylococci Answer: 1878
