BIO 250 FINAL EXAM 4 2026 QUESTION BANK
AND FULL STUDY GUIDE A+
◉ Biotechnology. Answer: (Impact of Microorganisms)
-Genetic Engineering
-Pharmaceutical Production
-Gene Therapy
◉ Johannes and Zacharias Jannsen. Answer: (Scientist Contribution)
Compound microscope design
◉ Robert Hooke. Answer: (Scientist Contribution)
Published "Micrographia" with the first description of
microorganisms, specifically moulds.
◉ Antoni van Leeuwenhoek. Answer: (Scientist Contribution)
Discovered bacteria
"Wee Animalcules"
◉ Edward Jenner. Answer: (Scientist Contribution)
Observed that milkmaids infected with cowpox did not contract
smallpox, leading to the first vaccines in the western world.
,◉ Ignaz Semmelweiss. Answer: (Scientist Contribution)
Implemented hand-washing to reduce the transmission of disease.
◉ Florence Nightingale. Answer: (Scientist Contribution)
Established the first standards of hygiene during the Crimean War,
saving innumerable lives.
◉ John Snow. Answer: (Scientist Contribution)
Mapped the occurrence of Cholera during a London epidemic.
His research helped create two branches of Microbiology;
Epidemiology and Infection Control.
◉ Louis Pasteur. Answer: (Scientist Contribution)
Disproved "Spontaneous Generation" with his swan-necked (Pasteur
flask) experiments.
-Developed Pasteurisation Techniques.
-Developed vaccines for Rabies, Anthrax, and Cholera.
◉ Ferdinand Cohn. Answer: (Scientist Contribution)
Laid the groundwork for system of classification.
,◉ Robert Koch. Answer: (Scientist Contribution)
Created 4 POSTULATES to demonstrate the microbial basis of
disease.
◉ Germ Theory of Disease. Answer: The belief that microorganisms
are responsible for diseases and their transmission.
◉ Koch Postulate 1. Answer: (Koch's Postulates)
The suspected pathogen must be present in all cases of the disease
and absent from healthy animals.
◉ Koch Postulate 2. Answer: (Koch's Postulates)
The suspected pathogen must be grown in PURE CULTURE.
◉ Koch Postulate 3. Answer: (Koch's Postulates)
Cells from a pure culture of the suspected pathogen must cause
disease in a healthy animal
◉ Koch Postulate 4. Answer: (Koch's Postulates)
The suspected pathogen must be REISOLATED and shown to be the
same as the original.
, ◉ Koch's Postulates - Limitations. Answer: 1. Many fastidious
organisms and all viruses cannot be grown in pure culture.
2. Some hosts may have immunity to a pathogen resulting in them
not being susceptible.
3. Some microbes are a part of our normal microbiota but can
become opportunistic pathogens should conditions become suitable.
4. Ethical considerations limit testing of Koch's postulates.
◉ Rosalind Franklin & Watson/Crick. Answer: (Scientist
Contribution)
Discovered structure of DNA
◉ Carl Woese & George Fox. Answer: (Scientist Contribution)
Discovery of "Archaea"
◉ Stanley Prusiner. Answer: (Scientist Contribution)
Discovery of Prions
◉ Spontaneous Generation. Answer: Hypothesis that living
organisms can originate from nonliving material
◉ Spontaneous Generation Opponents. Answer: These people boiled
a sealed, glass flask with a nutrient solution, effectively sterilised the
contents and prevented further contamination.
AND FULL STUDY GUIDE A+
◉ Biotechnology. Answer: (Impact of Microorganisms)
-Genetic Engineering
-Pharmaceutical Production
-Gene Therapy
◉ Johannes and Zacharias Jannsen. Answer: (Scientist Contribution)
Compound microscope design
◉ Robert Hooke. Answer: (Scientist Contribution)
Published "Micrographia" with the first description of
microorganisms, specifically moulds.
◉ Antoni van Leeuwenhoek. Answer: (Scientist Contribution)
Discovered bacteria
"Wee Animalcules"
◉ Edward Jenner. Answer: (Scientist Contribution)
Observed that milkmaids infected with cowpox did not contract
smallpox, leading to the first vaccines in the western world.
,◉ Ignaz Semmelweiss. Answer: (Scientist Contribution)
Implemented hand-washing to reduce the transmission of disease.
◉ Florence Nightingale. Answer: (Scientist Contribution)
Established the first standards of hygiene during the Crimean War,
saving innumerable lives.
◉ John Snow. Answer: (Scientist Contribution)
Mapped the occurrence of Cholera during a London epidemic.
His research helped create two branches of Microbiology;
Epidemiology and Infection Control.
◉ Louis Pasteur. Answer: (Scientist Contribution)
Disproved "Spontaneous Generation" with his swan-necked (Pasteur
flask) experiments.
-Developed Pasteurisation Techniques.
-Developed vaccines for Rabies, Anthrax, and Cholera.
◉ Ferdinand Cohn. Answer: (Scientist Contribution)
Laid the groundwork for system of classification.
,◉ Robert Koch. Answer: (Scientist Contribution)
Created 4 POSTULATES to demonstrate the microbial basis of
disease.
◉ Germ Theory of Disease. Answer: The belief that microorganisms
are responsible for diseases and their transmission.
◉ Koch Postulate 1. Answer: (Koch's Postulates)
The suspected pathogen must be present in all cases of the disease
and absent from healthy animals.
◉ Koch Postulate 2. Answer: (Koch's Postulates)
The suspected pathogen must be grown in PURE CULTURE.
◉ Koch Postulate 3. Answer: (Koch's Postulates)
Cells from a pure culture of the suspected pathogen must cause
disease in a healthy animal
◉ Koch Postulate 4. Answer: (Koch's Postulates)
The suspected pathogen must be REISOLATED and shown to be the
same as the original.
, ◉ Koch's Postulates - Limitations. Answer: 1. Many fastidious
organisms and all viruses cannot be grown in pure culture.
2. Some hosts may have immunity to a pathogen resulting in them
not being susceptible.
3. Some microbes are a part of our normal microbiota but can
become opportunistic pathogens should conditions become suitable.
4. Ethical considerations limit testing of Koch's postulates.
◉ Rosalind Franklin & Watson/Crick. Answer: (Scientist
Contribution)
Discovered structure of DNA
◉ Carl Woese & George Fox. Answer: (Scientist Contribution)
Discovery of "Archaea"
◉ Stanley Prusiner. Answer: (Scientist Contribution)
Discovery of Prions
◉ Spontaneous Generation. Answer: Hypothesis that living
organisms can originate from nonliving material
◉ Spontaneous Generation Opponents. Answer: These people boiled
a sealed, glass flask with a nutrient solution, effectively sterilised the
contents and prevented further contamination.
