NR-503 Epidemiology Final Exam
questions and Answers \2026 update
100% Correct
Cultural n,Awareness n,- n,ANS n,>> n,:Self-examination n,of n,one's n,own n,prejudices n,and
n,biases n,toward n,other n,cultures. n,An n,in-depth n,exploration n,of n,one's n,own n,cultural/ethnic
n,background.
Cultural n,competence n,in n,nursing n,consists n,of n,four n,principles. n,- n,ANS n,>> n,Care n,is
n,designed n,for n,the n,specific n,client.
Care n,is n,based n,on n,the n,uniqueness n,of n,the n,person's n,culture n,and n,includes n,cultural
n,norms n,and n,values.
Care n,includes n,self-employment n,strategies n,to n,facilitate n,client n,decision n,making n,to
n,improve n,health n,behaviors.
Care n,is n,provided n,with n,sensitivity n,and n,is n,based n,on n,the n,cultural n,uniqueness n,of n,clients.
The n,APN n,may n,also n,use n,the n,Kleinman n,Explanatory n,Model n,of n,Illness n,(1978). n,Below
n,are n,the n,questions n,that n,can n,be n,utilized. n,- n,ANS n,>> n,What n,do n,you n,call n,your n,problem?
What n,do n,you n,think n,caused n,your n,problem?
n,Why n,do n,you n,think n,it n,started n,when n,it n,did?
n,What n,does n,your n,sickness n,do n,to n,you?
What n,do n,you n,fear n,most n,about n,your n,sickness?
What n,are n,the n,chief n,problems n,your n,sickness n,has n,caused n,you?
n,What n,kind n,of n,treatment n,do n,you n,think n,you n,should n,receive?
What n,is n,the n,most n,important n,result n,you n,hope n,to n,receive n,from n,the n,treatment?
According n,to n,Giger n,and n,Davidhizer n,(2000), n,although n,cultures n,differ, n,they n,all n,have
n,the n,same n,basic n,organizing n,factors n,that n, must n,be n,assessed n,in n,order n,to n,provide n,care
n,for n,culturally n,diverse n,patients. n,These n,factors n,include n,- n,ANS n,>> n,communication
n,(verbal n,and n,nonverbal);
personal n,space;
n,social
n,organization; n,time
n,perception;
environmental n,control; n,and
n,biological n,variations.
The n,NCCC n,uses n,four n,major n,approaches n,to n,fulfill n,its n,mission, n,including n,- n,ANS n,>>
n,Web- n,based n,technical n,assistance, n,(2) n,knowledge n,development n,and n,dissemination,
n,(3) n,supporting n,a n,community n,of n,learners, n,and n,(4) n,collaboration n,and n,partnerships n,with
n,diverse n,groups.
Epidemiological n,Triad: n,- n,ANS n,>> n,host, n,agent, n,environment
,Genetics n,- n,ANS n,>> n,The n,study n,of n,individual n,genes n,and n,their n,impact n,on n,relatively n,rare
n,single n,gene n,disorders
Absolute n,risk n,- n,ANS n,>> n,is n,the n,probability n,of n,an n,event, n,such n,as n,illness, n,injury, n,or
n,death. n,Gives n,no n,indication n,of n,how n,its n,magnitude n,compares n,with n,others
The n,odds n,ratio n,- n,ANS n,>> n,closely n,approximates n,the n,relative n,risk n,if n,the n,disease n,is n,rare.
Odds n,ratio n,and n,the n,relative n,risk n,are n,used n,- n,ANS n,>> n,to n,assess n,the n,strength n,of
n,association n,between n,risk n,factor n,and n,outcome.
How n,is n,Attributible n,risk n,used n,- n,ANS n,>> n,is n,used n,to n,make n,risk-based n,decisions n,for
n,individuals.
Population-attributable n,risk n,measures n,- n,ANS n,>> n,are n,used n,to n,form n,public n,health
n,decisions
EGAPP: n,- n,ANS n,>> n,Evaluation n,of n,Genomic n,Applications n,in n,Practice n,and n,Prevention
GAPPNet n,- n,ANS n,>> n,Genomic n,Applications n,in n,Practice n,and n,Prevention n,Network
n,(established n,in n,2009) n,is n,a n,collaborative n,initiative n,involving n,partners n,from n,across
n,the n,public n,health n,sector n,working n,together n,to n,realize n,the n,promise n,of n,genomics n,in
n,health n,care n,and n,disease n,prevention.
GEDDI n,- n,ANS n,>> n,Genetics n,Early n,Disease n,Detection n,Intervention n,project n,(GEDDI)
n,(established n,in n,2009) n,developed n,a n,model n,strategy n,for n,using n,clinical, n,genetic, n,and
n,family n,history n,information n,to n,reduce n,the n,risk n,of n,disease, n,death, n,and n,disability n,in
n,affected n,individuals, n,family n,members, n,and n,populations.
HuGENet n,- n,ANS n,>> n,Human n,Genome n,Epidemiology n,Network n,(HuGENet)
n,(established n,in n,1998) n,helps n,translate n,genetic n,research n,findings n,into n,opportunities
n,for n,preventive n,medicines n,and n,public n,health n,by n,advancing n,the n,synthesis,
n,interpretation, n,and n,dissemination n,of n,population-based n,data n,on n,human n,genetic
n,variation n,in n,health n,and n,disease. n,HuGENet n,reviews n,are n,systematic, n,peer-reviewed
n,synopses n,of n,the n,epidemiologic n,aspects n,of n,human n,genes, n,including n,prevalence n,of
n,allelic n,variants n,in n,different n,populations, n,population-based n,information n,on n,disease
n,risk, n,evidence n,for n,gene- n,environment n,interaction n,and n,quantitative n,data n,on n,genetic
n,tests n,and n,services n,carried n,out n,according n,to n,specific n,guidelines.
NHANES n,III n,- n,ANS n,>> n,DC's n,Office n,of n,Public n,Health n,Genomics n,(established n,in
n,2002) n,formed n,a n,multidisciplinary n,working n,group n,with n,members n,from n,across n,CDC. n,It
n,developed n,a n,proposal n,to n,measure n,the n,prevalence n,of n,selected n,genetic n,variants n,of
n,public n,health n,significance n,in n,a n,representative n,sample n,of n,the n,U.S. n,population n,and
n,to n,examine n,the n,association n,between n,the n,selected n,genetic n,variants n,and n,disease
n,outcomes n,available n,in n,NHANES n,III n,data.
, The n,World n,Health n,Organization n,defines n,a n,pandemic n,- n,ANS n,>> n,as n,a n,global n,epidemic
n,that n,spreads n,to n,more n,than n,one n,continent n,(WHO, n,2009). n,One n,of n,the n,more n,recent
n,pandemics n,that n,you n,might n,be n,familiar n,with n,is n,the n,H1N1 n,influenza n,outbreak n,of n,2009.
Outbreak n,- n,ANS n,>> n,the n,occurrence n,of n,disease n,within n,persons n,in n,excess n,of n,what
n,would n,normally n,be n,expected n,in n,a n,clearly n,defined n,community, n,location, n,or n,time n,of
n,year. n,An n,outbreak n,may n,only n,last n,for n,a n,matter n,of n,days n,or n,weeks, n,but n, may n,last n,for
n,years
Quarantine n,- n,ANS n,>> n,the n,separation n,and n,restriction n,of n,the n,movement n,of n,people
n,who n, were n,or n,are n,exposed n,to n,a n,contagious n,disease n,for n,a n,set n,period n,of n,time, n,to n,see
n,whether n,they n,become n,ill
Antigenic n,drift n,- n,ANS n,>> n,is n,a n,term n,describing n,the n,changes n,that n,occur n,within
n,virus's n,ribonucleic n,acid n,that n,changes n,the n,virus. n,Typically, n,these n,changes
n,create n,seasonal n,changes n,or n,new n,strains n,of n,a n,virus
WHO n,Pandemic n,Phases n,- n,ANS n,>> n,Phase n,1—None n,of n,the n,current n,viruses n,circulating
n,in n,animals n,have n,been n,reported n,to n,cause n,infection n,in n,humans.
Phase n,2—An n,animal-based n,influenza n,virus n,is n,known n,to n,have n,caused n,infection n,in
n,humans n,and n,is n,considered n,a n,potential n,pandemic n,threat.
Phase n,3—An n,animal- n,or n,human-animal-based n,virus n,has n,caused n,some n,clusters n,of
n,cases n,in n,people, n,but n,has n,not n,caused n,human-to-human n,transmission n,that n,is
n,significant n,enough n,to n,cause n,community-level n,outbreaks.
Phase n,4—Human-to-human n,transmission n,of n,an n,animal n,or n,human-animal n,virus n,is
n,causing n,community n,outbreaks n,and n,sustained n,disease. n,This n,is n,a n,significant n,shift n,in
n,risk n,and n,any n,country n,with n,such n,an n,outbreak n,should n,consult n,with n,WHO.
n,Phase n,5—There n,is n,human-to-human n,spread n,of n,the n,virus n,in n,at n,least n,two n,countries.
n,This n,phase n,means n,that n,pandemic n,is n,imminent n,and n,that n,community n,action n,and
n,implementation n,of n,planned n,mitigation n,procedures n,is n,needed.
Phase n,6—This n,is n,the n,pandemic n,phase, n,characterized n,by n,outbreaks n,in n,more n,than n,one
n,WHO n,defined n,region n,in n,addition n,to n,all n,Phase n,5 n,criteria n,(WHO, n,2009)
Phase n,1 n,- n,ANS n,>> n,None n,of n,the n,current n,viruses n,circulating n,in n,animals n,have n,been
n,reported n,to n,cause n,infection n,in n,humans.
Phase n,2 n,- n,ANS n,>> n,An n,animal-based n,influenza n,virus n,is n,known n,to n,have n,caused
n,infection n,in n,humans n,and n,is n,considered n,a n,potential n,pandemic n,threat.
Phase n,3 n,- n,ANS n,>> n,An n,animal- n,or n,human-animal-based n,virus n,has n,caused n,some
n,clusters n,of n,cases n,in n,people, n,but n,has n,not n,caused n,human-to-human n,transmission n,that
n,is n,significant n,enough n,to n,cause n,community-level n,outbreaks.
Phase n,4 n,- n,ANS n,>> n,Human-to-human n,transmission n,of n,an n,animal n,or n,human-animal
n,virus n,is n,causing n,community n,outbreaks n,and n,sustained n,disease. n,This n,is n,a n,significant
n,shift n,in n,risk n,and n,any n,country n,with n,such n,an n,outbreak n,should n,consult n,with n,WHO.
questions and Answers \2026 update
100% Correct
Cultural n,Awareness n,- n,ANS n,>> n,:Self-examination n,of n,one's n,own n,prejudices n,and
n,biases n,toward n,other n,cultures. n,An n,in-depth n,exploration n,of n,one's n,own n,cultural/ethnic
n,background.
Cultural n,competence n,in n,nursing n,consists n,of n,four n,principles. n,- n,ANS n,>> n,Care n,is
n,designed n,for n,the n,specific n,client.
Care n,is n,based n,on n,the n,uniqueness n,of n,the n,person's n,culture n,and n,includes n,cultural
n,norms n,and n,values.
Care n,includes n,self-employment n,strategies n,to n,facilitate n,client n,decision n,making n,to
n,improve n,health n,behaviors.
Care n,is n,provided n,with n,sensitivity n,and n,is n,based n,on n,the n,cultural n,uniqueness n,of n,clients.
The n,APN n,may n,also n,use n,the n,Kleinman n,Explanatory n,Model n,of n,Illness n,(1978). n,Below
n,are n,the n,questions n,that n,can n,be n,utilized. n,- n,ANS n,>> n,What n,do n,you n,call n,your n,problem?
What n,do n,you n,think n,caused n,your n,problem?
n,Why n,do n,you n,think n,it n,started n,when n,it n,did?
n,What n,does n,your n,sickness n,do n,to n,you?
What n,do n,you n,fear n,most n,about n,your n,sickness?
What n,are n,the n,chief n,problems n,your n,sickness n,has n,caused n,you?
n,What n,kind n,of n,treatment n,do n,you n,think n,you n,should n,receive?
What n,is n,the n,most n,important n,result n,you n,hope n,to n,receive n,from n,the n,treatment?
According n,to n,Giger n,and n,Davidhizer n,(2000), n,although n,cultures n,differ, n,they n,all n,have
n,the n,same n,basic n,organizing n,factors n,that n, must n,be n,assessed n,in n,order n,to n,provide n,care
n,for n,culturally n,diverse n,patients. n,These n,factors n,include n,- n,ANS n,>> n,communication
n,(verbal n,and n,nonverbal);
personal n,space;
n,social
n,organization; n,time
n,perception;
environmental n,control; n,and
n,biological n,variations.
The n,NCCC n,uses n,four n,major n,approaches n,to n,fulfill n,its n,mission, n,including n,- n,ANS n,>>
n,Web- n,based n,technical n,assistance, n,(2) n,knowledge n,development n,and n,dissemination,
n,(3) n,supporting n,a n,community n,of n,learners, n,and n,(4) n,collaboration n,and n,partnerships n,with
n,diverse n,groups.
Epidemiological n,Triad: n,- n,ANS n,>> n,host, n,agent, n,environment
,Genetics n,- n,ANS n,>> n,The n,study n,of n,individual n,genes n,and n,their n,impact n,on n,relatively n,rare
n,single n,gene n,disorders
Absolute n,risk n,- n,ANS n,>> n,is n,the n,probability n,of n,an n,event, n,such n,as n,illness, n,injury, n,or
n,death. n,Gives n,no n,indication n,of n,how n,its n,magnitude n,compares n,with n,others
The n,odds n,ratio n,- n,ANS n,>> n,closely n,approximates n,the n,relative n,risk n,if n,the n,disease n,is n,rare.
Odds n,ratio n,and n,the n,relative n,risk n,are n,used n,- n,ANS n,>> n,to n,assess n,the n,strength n,of
n,association n,between n,risk n,factor n,and n,outcome.
How n,is n,Attributible n,risk n,used n,- n,ANS n,>> n,is n,used n,to n,make n,risk-based n,decisions n,for
n,individuals.
Population-attributable n,risk n,measures n,- n,ANS n,>> n,are n,used n,to n,form n,public n,health
n,decisions
EGAPP: n,- n,ANS n,>> n,Evaluation n,of n,Genomic n,Applications n,in n,Practice n,and n,Prevention
GAPPNet n,- n,ANS n,>> n,Genomic n,Applications n,in n,Practice n,and n,Prevention n,Network
n,(established n,in n,2009) n,is n,a n,collaborative n,initiative n,involving n,partners n,from n,across
n,the n,public n,health n,sector n,working n,together n,to n,realize n,the n,promise n,of n,genomics n,in
n,health n,care n,and n,disease n,prevention.
GEDDI n,- n,ANS n,>> n,Genetics n,Early n,Disease n,Detection n,Intervention n,project n,(GEDDI)
n,(established n,in n,2009) n,developed n,a n,model n,strategy n,for n,using n,clinical, n,genetic, n,and
n,family n,history n,information n,to n,reduce n,the n,risk n,of n,disease, n,death, n,and n,disability n,in
n,affected n,individuals, n,family n,members, n,and n,populations.
HuGENet n,- n,ANS n,>> n,Human n,Genome n,Epidemiology n,Network n,(HuGENet)
n,(established n,in n,1998) n,helps n,translate n,genetic n,research n,findings n,into n,opportunities
n,for n,preventive n,medicines n,and n,public n,health n,by n,advancing n,the n,synthesis,
n,interpretation, n,and n,dissemination n,of n,population-based n,data n,on n,human n,genetic
n,variation n,in n,health n,and n,disease. n,HuGENet n,reviews n,are n,systematic, n,peer-reviewed
n,synopses n,of n,the n,epidemiologic n,aspects n,of n,human n,genes, n,including n,prevalence n,of
n,allelic n,variants n,in n,different n,populations, n,population-based n,information n,on n,disease
n,risk, n,evidence n,for n,gene- n,environment n,interaction n,and n,quantitative n,data n,on n,genetic
n,tests n,and n,services n,carried n,out n,according n,to n,specific n,guidelines.
NHANES n,III n,- n,ANS n,>> n,DC's n,Office n,of n,Public n,Health n,Genomics n,(established n,in
n,2002) n,formed n,a n,multidisciplinary n,working n,group n,with n,members n,from n,across n,CDC. n,It
n,developed n,a n,proposal n,to n,measure n,the n,prevalence n,of n,selected n,genetic n,variants n,of
n,public n,health n,significance n,in n,a n,representative n,sample n,of n,the n,U.S. n,population n,and
n,to n,examine n,the n,association n,between n,the n,selected n,genetic n,variants n,and n,disease
n,outcomes n,available n,in n,NHANES n,III n,data.
, The n,World n,Health n,Organization n,defines n,a n,pandemic n,- n,ANS n,>> n,as n,a n,global n,epidemic
n,that n,spreads n,to n,more n,than n,one n,continent n,(WHO, n,2009). n,One n,of n,the n,more n,recent
n,pandemics n,that n,you n,might n,be n,familiar n,with n,is n,the n,H1N1 n,influenza n,outbreak n,of n,2009.
Outbreak n,- n,ANS n,>> n,the n,occurrence n,of n,disease n,within n,persons n,in n,excess n,of n,what
n,would n,normally n,be n,expected n,in n,a n,clearly n,defined n,community, n,location, n,or n,time n,of
n,year. n,An n,outbreak n,may n,only n,last n,for n,a n,matter n,of n,days n,or n,weeks, n,but n, may n,last n,for
n,years
Quarantine n,- n,ANS n,>> n,the n,separation n,and n,restriction n,of n,the n,movement n,of n,people
n,who n, were n,or n,are n,exposed n,to n,a n,contagious n,disease n,for n,a n,set n,period n,of n,time, n,to n,see
n,whether n,they n,become n,ill
Antigenic n,drift n,- n,ANS n,>> n,is n,a n,term n,describing n,the n,changes n,that n,occur n,within
n,virus's n,ribonucleic n,acid n,that n,changes n,the n,virus. n,Typically, n,these n,changes
n,create n,seasonal n,changes n,or n,new n,strains n,of n,a n,virus
WHO n,Pandemic n,Phases n,- n,ANS n,>> n,Phase n,1—None n,of n,the n,current n,viruses n,circulating
n,in n,animals n,have n,been n,reported n,to n,cause n,infection n,in n,humans.
Phase n,2—An n,animal-based n,influenza n,virus n,is n,known n,to n,have n,caused n,infection n,in
n,humans n,and n,is n,considered n,a n,potential n,pandemic n,threat.
Phase n,3—An n,animal- n,or n,human-animal-based n,virus n,has n,caused n,some n,clusters n,of
n,cases n,in n,people, n,but n,has n,not n,caused n,human-to-human n,transmission n,that n,is
n,significant n,enough n,to n,cause n,community-level n,outbreaks.
Phase n,4—Human-to-human n,transmission n,of n,an n,animal n,or n,human-animal n,virus n,is
n,causing n,community n,outbreaks n,and n,sustained n,disease. n,This n,is n,a n,significant n,shift n,in
n,risk n,and n,any n,country n,with n,such n,an n,outbreak n,should n,consult n,with n,WHO.
n,Phase n,5—There n,is n,human-to-human n,spread n,of n,the n,virus n,in n,at n,least n,two n,countries.
n,This n,phase n,means n,that n,pandemic n,is n,imminent n,and n,that n,community n,action n,and
n,implementation n,of n,planned n,mitigation n,procedures n,is n,needed.
Phase n,6—This n,is n,the n,pandemic n,phase, n,characterized n,by n,outbreaks n,in n,more n,than n,one
n,WHO n,defined n,region n,in n,addition n,to n,all n,Phase n,5 n,criteria n,(WHO, n,2009)
Phase n,1 n,- n,ANS n,>> n,None n,of n,the n,current n,viruses n,circulating n,in n,animals n,have n,been
n,reported n,to n,cause n,infection n,in n,humans.
Phase n,2 n,- n,ANS n,>> n,An n,animal-based n,influenza n,virus n,is n,known n,to n,have n,caused
n,infection n,in n,humans n,and n,is n,considered n,a n,potential n,pandemic n,threat.
Phase n,3 n,- n,ANS n,>> n,An n,animal- n,or n,human-animal-based n,virus n,has n,caused n,some
n,clusters n,of n,cases n,in n,people, n,but n,has n,not n,caused n,human-to-human n,transmission n,that
n,is n,significant n,enough n,to n,cause n,community-level n,outbreaks.
Phase n,4 n,- n,ANS n,>> n,Human-to-human n,transmission n,of n,an n,animal n,or n,human-animal
n,virus n,is n,causing n,community n,outbreaks n,and n,sustained n,disease. n,This n,is n,a n,significant
n,shift n,in n,risk n,and n,any n,country n,with n,such n,an n,outbreak n,should n,consult n,with n,WHO.
