BIOL 215 FINAL SCRIPT 2026 QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS GRADED A+
◉small cell size. Answer: maximizes uptake of nutrients across
plasma membrane, greater surface area to volume ratio
◉all virions have:. Answer: nucleic acid genome, protective capsid,
capsomere proteins
◉enveloped viruses have:. Answer: lipid bilayer envelope
◉DNA viruses. Answer: DNA directs host cell's replication proteins
to synthesize new copies of viral genome and transcribe and
translate into viral proteins
◉RNA viruses. Answer: encode their own enzymes that can replicate
RNA into RNA
◉retroviruses. Answer: RNA → DNA
, ◉attachment. Answer: virus attaches to receptor protein through
attachment proteins or glycoproteins
◉penetration. Answer: virus enters host cell through endocytosis or
when viral envelope fuses directly with cell membrane; nucleic acid
is released in host cell
◉replication. Answer: DNA viruses use host cell proteins and
enzymes to replicate viral DNA to transcribe viral mRNA
◉assembly. Answer: viral mRNA directs host cell to synthesize viral
enzymes and capsid proteins
◉release. Answer: new virions released and can inject adjacent cells
◉enveloped viruses release. Answer: insert surface proteins into
lipid bilayer and steal part of lipid bilayer
◉non-enveloped viruses release. Answer: blast a hole in the host
cell's exterior (lysis)
◉injection. Answer: bacteriophage attach to bacterial cell and capsid
changes shape to inject genomic material into cell
AND ANSWERS GRADED A+
◉small cell size. Answer: maximizes uptake of nutrients across
plasma membrane, greater surface area to volume ratio
◉all virions have:. Answer: nucleic acid genome, protective capsid,
capsomere proteins
◉enveloped viruses have:. Answer: lipid bilayer envelope
◉DNA viruses. Answer: DNA directs host cell's replication proteins
to synthesize new copies of viral genome and transcribe and
translate into viral proteins
◉RNA viruses. Answer: encode their own enzymes that can replicate
RNA into RNA
◉retroviruses. Answer: RNA → DNA
, ◉attachment. Answer: virus attaches to receptor protein through
attachment proteins or glycoproteins
◉penetration. Answer: virus enters host cell through endocytosis or
when viral envelope fuses directly with cell membrane; nucleic acid
is released in host cell
◉replication. Answer: DNA viruses use host cell proteins and
enzymes to replicate viral DNA to transcribe viral mRNA
◉assembly. Answer: viral mRNA directs host cell to synthesize viral
enzymes and capsid proteins
◉release. Answer: new virions released and can inject adjacent cells
◉enveloped viruses release. Answer: insert surface proteins into
lipid bilayer and steal part of lipid bilayer
◉non-enveloped viruses release. Answer: blast a hole in the host
cell's exterior (lysis)
◉injection. Answer: bacteriophage attach to bacterial cell and capsid
changes shape to inject genomic material into cell
