NSG 122 FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING
COMPREHENSIVE STUDY GUIDE 2026 FULL
QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
◍ On admission, a client presents a signed living will that includes a Do Not
Resuscitate (DNR) prescription. When the client stops breathing, the nurse
performs a cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and successfully revives
the client. What legal issues could be brought against the nurse?.
Answer: battery(civil laws protect individual rights and include intentional
torts, such as assault (an intentional threat to engage in harmful contact with
another) or battery (unwanted touching). Performing a procedure against the
client's wishes can potentially poise a legal issue, such as battery (B) even if
the procedure is of questionable benefit to the client. (A, C, and D) are not
examples against the client's request.)
◍ In developing a plan of care for a client with dementia, the nurse should
remember that confusion in the elderly
A. is to be expected, and progresses with age
B. often follows relocation to new surroundings
C. is a result of irreversible brain pathology
D. can be prevented with adequate sleep.
Answer: B. often follows relocation to new surroundings (Relocation (B)
often results in confusion among elderly clients-- moving is stressful for
anyone. (A) is stereotypical judgement. Stress in the elderly often manifests
itself as confusion, so (C) is wrong. Adequate sleep is not a prevention (D)
for confusion.)
◍ objective data.
Answer: information that is visible and measurable by someone else, can be
seen, heard, or felt by an observer (signs)
,◍ the teaching/learning process (drag and drop test hint).
Answer: - assess learning skill (ask patient what they already know)-
develop learning outcomes- develop a teaching plan- implement a teaching
plan- evaluate learning
◍ Heparin 20,000 units in 500 mL D5W at 50 mL/hour has been infusing for
5.5 hours. How much heparin has the client received?.
Answer: 11,000 units
◍ A hospitalized male client is receiving nasogastric tube feedings via a
small-bore tube and a continuous pump infusion. He reports that he had a
bad bout of severe coughing a few minutes ago, but feels fine now. What
action is best for the nurse to take?
A. Record the coughing incident. No further action is required at this time.
B. Stop the feeding, explain to the family why it is being stopped, and notify
the HC
P. C. After clearing the tube with 30 ml of air, check the pH of fluid
withdrawn from the tube.
D. Inject 30 ml of air into the tube while auscultating the epigastrium for
gurgling..
Answer: C. After clearing the tube with 30 ml of air, check the pH of fluid
withdrawn from the tube.
◍ A client who has been NPO for 3 days is receiving an infusion of D5W 0.45
normal saline (NS) with potassium chloride (KCl) 20 mEq at 83 mL/hour.
The client's eight-hour urine output is 400 mL, BUN is 15 mg/dL, and the
serum potassium is 3.7 mEq/
L. Which action is most important for the nurse to implement?
A. Notify HCP and request to change the IV infusion to hypertonic D10W
B. Decrease in the infusion rate of the current IV and report to the HCP
C. Document in the medical record that these normal findings are expected
outcomes
D. Obtain potassium chloride 20 mEq in anticipation of prescription to to
present IV.
, Answer: C. Document in the medical record that these normal findings are
expected outcomes..
◍ An elderly client who requires frequent monitoring fell and fractured a hip.
Which nurse is at greatest risk for a malpractice judgement?
A. A nurse who worked the 7 to 3 shift at the hospital and wrote poor
nursing notes.
B. The nurse assigned to care for the client who was at lunch at the time of
the fall.
C. The nurse who transferred the client to the chair when the fall occurred.
D. The charge nurse who completed rounds 30 minutes before the fall
occurred..
Answer: C. The nurse who transferred the client to the chair when the fall
occurred. (The four elements of malpractice are: breach of duty owed,
failure to adhere to the recognized standard of care, direct causation of
injury, and evidence of actual injury. The hip fracture is the actual injury
and the standard of care was "frequent monitoring." (C) implies the duty
was owed and the injury occurred while the nurse was in charge of the
client's care. There is no evidence of negligence in (A, B, and D). )
◍ A client who is a Jehovah's Witness is admitted to the nursing unit. Which
concern should the nurse have for planning care in terms of the client's
beliefs?
A. Autopsy of the body is prohibited.
B. Blood transfusions are forbidden.
C. Alcohol use in any form is not allowed.
D. A vegetarian diet must be followed..
Answer: B. Blood transfusions are forbidden.
◍ At the beginning of the shift, the nurse assesses a client who is admitted
from the post-anesthesia care unit (PACU). When should the nurse
document the client's findings? A) At the beginning, middle, and end of the
shift. B) After client priorities are identified for the development of the
nursing care plan. C) At the end of the shift so full attention can be given to
, the client's needs. D) Immediately after the assessments are completed.
Answer: D. Immediately after the assessments are completed.
◍ Which action is the most important to implement when donning sterile
gloves?
A. Maintain thumb at a ninety degree angle.
B. Hold hands with fingers down while gloving.
C. Keep gloved hands above the elbows.
D. Put the glove on the dominant hand first..
Answer: C. Keep gloved hands above the elbows. (Gloved hands held below
waist level are considered unsterile (C). (A and B) are not essential to
maintaining asepsis. While it may be helpful to put the glove on the
dominant hand first, it is not necessary to ensure asepsis (D).)
◍ Examination of a client complaining of itching on his right arm reveals a
rash made up of multiple flat areas of redness ranging from pinpoint to 0.5
cm in diameter. How should the nurse record this finding?
A. Multiple vesicular areas surrounded by redness, ranging in size from 1
mm to 0.5 cm.
B. Localized red rash comprised of flat areas, pinpoint to 0.5 cm in
diameter.
C. Several areas of red, papular lesions from pinpoint to 0.5 cm in size.
D. Localized petechial areas, ranging in size from pinpoint to 0.5 cm in
diameter..
Answer: B. Localized red rash comprised of flat areas, pinpoint to 0.5 cm in
diameter. (Macules are localized flat skin discolorations less than 1 cm in
diameter. However, when recording such a finding the nurse should describe
the appearance (B) rather than simply naming the condition. (A) identifies
vesicles-- fluid filled blisters--an incorrect description given the symptoms
listed. (C) identifies papule-- solid elevated lesions, again not correctly
identifying the symptoms. (D) identifies petechiae-- pinpoint red to purple
skin discolorations that do not itch, again an incorrect identification.)
◍ The UAPs working on a chronic neuro unit ask the nurse to help them
COMPREHENSIVE STUDY GUIDE 2026 FULL
QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
◍ On admission, a client presents a signed living will that includes a Do Not
Resuscitate (DNR) prescription. When the client stops breathing, the nurse
performs a cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and successfully revives
the client. What legal issues could be brought against the nurse?.
Answer: battery(civil laws protect individual rights and include intentional
torts, such as assault (an intentional threat to engage in harmful contact with
another) or battery (unwanted touching). Performing a procedure against the
client's wishes can potentially poise a legal issue, such as battery (B) even if
the procedure is of questionable benefit to the client. (A, C, and D) are not
examples against the client's request.)
◍ In developing a plan of care for a client with dementia, the nurse should
remember that confusion in the elderly
A. is to be expected, and progresses with age
B. often follows relocation to new surroundings
C. is a result of irreversible brain pathology
D. can be prevented with adequate sleep.
Answer: B. often follows relocation to new surroundings (Relocation (B)
often results in confusion among elderly clients-- moving is stressful for
anyone. (A) is stereotypical judgement. Stress in the elderly often manifests
itself as confusion, so (C) is wrong. Adequate sleep is not a prevention (D)
for confusion.)
◍ objective data.
Answer: information that is visible and measurable by someone else, can be
seen, heard, or felt by an observer (signs)
,◍ the teaching/learning process (drag and drop test hint).
Answer: - assess learning skill (ask patient what they already know)-
develop learning outcomes- develop a teaching plan- implement a teaching
plan- evaluate learning
◍ Heparin 20,000 units in 500 mL D5W at 50 mL/hour has been infusing for
5.5 hours. How much heparin has the client received?.
Answer: 11,000 units
◍ A hospitalized male client is receiving nasogastric tube feedings via a
small-bore tube and a continuous pump infusion. He reports that he had a
bad bout of severe coughing a few minutes ago, but feels fine now. What
action is best for the nurse to take?
A. Record the coughing incident. No further action is required at this time.
B. Stop the feeding, explain to the family why it is being stopped, and notify
the HC
P. C. After clearing the tube with 30 ml of air, check the pH of fluid
withdrawn from the tube.
D. Inject 30 ml of air into the tube while auscultating the epigastrium for
gurgling..
Answer: C. After clearing the tube with 30 ml of air, check the pH of fluid
withdrawn from the tube.
◍ A client who has been NPO for 3 days is receiving an infusion of D5W 0.45
normal saline (NS) with potassium chloride (KCl) 20 mEq at 83 mL/hour.
The client's eight-hour urine output is 400 mL, BUN is 15 mg/dL, and the
serum potassium is 3.7 mEq/
L. Which action is most important for the nurse to implement?
A. Notify HCP and request to change the IV infusion to hypertonic D10W
B. Decrease in the infusion rate of the current IV and report to the HCP
C. Document in the medical record that these normal findings are expected
outcomes
D. Obtain potassium chloride 20 mEq in anticipation of prescription to to
present IV.
, Answer: C. Document in the medical record that these normal findings are
expected outcomes..
◍ An elderly client who requires frequent monitoring fell and fractured a hip.
Which nurse is at greatest risk for a malpractice judgement?
A. A nurse who worked the 7 to 3 shift at the hospital and wrote poor
nursing notes.
B. The nurse assigned to care for the client who was at lunch at the time of
the fall.
C. The nurse who transferred the client to the chair when the fall occurred.
D. The charge nurse who completed rounds 30 minutes before the fall
occurred..
Answer: C. The nurse who transferred the client to the chair when the fall
occurred. (The four elements of malpractice are: breach of duty owed,
failure to adhere to the recognized standard of care, direct causation of
injury, and evidence of actual injury. The hip fracture is the actual injury
and the standard of care was "frequent monitoring." (C) implies the duty
was owed and the injury occurred while the nurse was in charge of the
client's care. There is no evidence of negligence in (A, B, and D). )
◍ A client who is a Jehovah's Witness is admitted to the nursing unit. Which
concern should the nurse have for planning care in terms of the client's
beliefs?
A. Autopsy of the body is prohibited.
B. Blood transfusions are forbidden.
C. Alcohol use in any form is not allowed.
D. A vegetarian diet must be followed..
Answer: B. Blood transfusions are forbidden.
◍ At the beginning of the shift, the nurse assesses a client who is admitted
from the post-anesthesia care unit (PACU). When should the nurse
document the client's findings? A) At the beginning, middle, and end of the
shift. B) After client priorities are identified for the development of the
nursing care plan. C) At the end of the shift so full attention can be given to
, the client's needs. D) Immediately after the assessments are completed.
Answer: D. Immediately after the assessments are completed.
◍ Which action is the most important to implement when donning sterile
gloves?
A. Maintain thumb at a ninety degree angle.
B. Hold hands with fingers down while gloving.
C. Keep gloved hands above the elbows.
D. Put the glove on the dominant hand first..
Answer: C. Keep gloved hands above the elbows. (Gloved hands held below
waist level are considered unsterile (C). (A and B) are not essential to
maintaining asepsis. While it may be helpful to put the glove on the
dominant hand first, it is not necessary to ensure asepsis (D).)
◍ Examination of a client complaining of itching on his right arm reveals a
rash made up of multiple flat areas of redness ranging from pinpoint to 0.5
cm in diameter. How should the nurse record this finding?
A. Multiple vesicular areas surrounded by redness, ranging in size from 1
mm to 0.5 cm.
B. Localized red rash comprised of flat areas, pinpoint to 0.5 cm in
diameter.
C. Several areas of red, papular lesions from pinpoint to 0.5 cm in size.
D. Localized petechial areas, ranging in size from pinpoint to 0.5 cm in
diameter..
Answer: B. Localized red rash comprised of flat areas, pinpoint to 0.5 cm in
diameter. (Macules are localized flat skin discolorations less than 1 cm in
diameter. However, when recording such a finding the nurse should describe
the appearance (B) rather than simply naming the condition. (A) identifies
vesicles-- fluid filled blisters--an incorrect description given the symptoms
listed. (C) identifies papule-- solid elevated lesions, again not correctly
identifying the symptoms. (D) identifies petechiae-- pinpoint red to purple
skin discolorations that do not itch, again an incorrect identification.)
◍ The UAPs working on a chronic neuro unit ask the nurse to help them
