NSG 320 STUDY GUIDE 2026 MASTER
SOLUTION DIGEST
◉The first cousin to A- Fib is called: . Answer: An A-Flutter
◉What is the difference between A- Fib and A- Flutter? . Answer: A-
Fib is inconsistent P waves.
A- Flutter is consistent P waves.
◉Premature Ventricular Contraction . Answer: - An extra beat/
conduction in the heart from the ventricles.
- Shows as a wide QRS complex
- Caused by the hearts demand of O2
◉Ventricular Tachycardia (V-Tach) . Answer: - When 3 of more
Premature Ventricular Contractions occur consecutively.
- Ventricular rate is greater than 100.
- Causes: Hypoxemia, electrolyte imbalance, drug toxicity
◉Ventricular Fibrillation: . Answer: - Quivering of the ventricles= NO
CARDIAC OUTPUT!
- Medical Emergency!! Call 911
,◉Causes of Ventricular Fibrillation . Answer: - Myocardial Ischemia
- Untreated V-Tach
- Electrolyte imbalance
- Digoxin Toxicity
◉Clinical Manifestations of V-Fib: . Answer: - Poor to NO cardiac
output
- NO pulse
- BP and respirations leading to brain damage and death if not
reversed.
◉Treatment of V-Fib: . Answer: - Assess!
- Call a CODE and start CPR and early defibrillation.
- DO NOT LEAVE THE PATIENT
- Start CPR within 30 seconds for best results
- Medication as ordered
◉Afterload . Answer: Resistance that the ventricles must overcome
to eject blood through the valves and into the peripheral blood
vessels.
, ◉Starling's law of the heart . Answer: Increase myocardial stretch
results in more forceful contraction.
◉More forceful contraction increases: . Answer: Stroke Volume and
Cardiac Output
◉With heart failure there is a decrease in: . Answer: Cardiac Output
from a decrease in Stroke Volume
◉Heart failure: . Answer: Inability of the heart to maintain adequate
cardiac output (CO) to meet the metabolic needs of itself & the body.
This can lead to myocardial hypertrophy and cardiomyopathy.
◉Heart Failure can be classified in two different ways: . Answer:
1.Left or Right Sided, or both sides of the heart. This identifies which
ventricle is failing.
2.Systolic, Diastolic, or Mixed which describes the specific way or
how the heart muscle is failing
◉Cardiac Output Formula . Answer: CO = HR x SV
◉Stroke Volume . Answer: The amount of blood ejected from the left
ventricle during each contraction.
SOLUTION DIGEST
◉The first cousin to A- Fib is called: . Answer: An A-Flutter
◉What is the difference between A- Fib and A- Flutter? . Answer: A-
Fib is inconsistent P waves.
A- Flutter is consistent P waves.
◉Premature Ventricular Contraction . Answer: - An extra beat/
conduction in the heart from the ventricles.
- Shows as a wide QRS complex
- Caused by the hearts demand of O2
◉Ventricular Tachycardia (V-Tach) . Answer: - When 3 of more
Premature Ventricular Contractions occur consecutively.
- Ventricular rate is greater than 100.
- Causes: Hypoxemia, electrolyte imbalance, drug toxicity
◉Ventricular Fibrillation: . Answer: - Quivering of the ventricles= NO
CARDIAC OUTPUT!
- Medical Emergency!! Call 911
,◉Causes of Ventricular Fibrillation . Answer: - Myocardial Ischemia
- Untreated V-Tach
- Electrolyte imbalance
- Digoxin Toxicity
◉Clinical Manifestations of V-Fib: . Answer: - Poor to NO cardiac
output
- NO pulse
- BP and respirations leading to brain damage and death if not
reversed.
◉Treatment of V-Fib: . Answer: - Assess!
- Call a CODE and start CPR and early defibrillation.
- DO NOT LEAVE THE PATIENT
- Start CPR within 30 seconds for best results
- Medication as ordered
◉Afterload . Answer: Resistance that the ventricles must overcome
to eject blood through the valves and into the peripheral blood
vessels.
, ◉Starling's law of the heart . Answer: Increase myocardial stretch
results in more forceful contraction.
◉More forceful contraction increases: . Answer: Stroke Volume and
Cardiac Output
◉With heart failure there is a decrease in: . Answer: Cardiac Output
from a decrease in Stroke Volume
◉Heart failure: . Answer: Inability of the heart to maintain adequate
cardiac output (CO) to meet the metabolic needs of itself & the body.
This can lead to myocardial hypertrophy and cardiomyopathy.
◉Heart Failure can be classified in two different ways: . Answer:
1.Left or Right Sided, or both sides of the heart. This identifies which
ventricle is failing.
2.Systolic, Diastolic, or Mixed which describes the specific way or
how the heart muscle is failing
◉Cardiac Output Formula . Answer: CO = HR x SV
◉Stroke Volume . Answer: The amount of blood ejected from the left
ventricle during each contraction.
