Changing Cultural Traditions
1. Culture: culture is an unique thing or substance found from a specific geographical area over a long time period
2. Introduction: 14th-17th century Europe saw town growth, urban culture rise, townspeople superior to rural, Florence
Venice Rome art learning centres, rich aristocrats patronized artists writers, printing spread books prints, sense of
history modern vs ancient Greek Roman, religion personal choice, church earth-centric solar system science, new
geography ended Europe-centric Mediterranean view
3. History: From the 14th century, Europe preserved books and art; in the 19th century, historians named it the
Renaissance or rebirth, shown by Jacob Burckhardt, student of Ranke, who saw history as cultural; in 1860, his book The
Civilisation of the Renaissance in Italy showed humanist culture valuing individual freedom over church control.
4. What’s Renaissance
It’s a French term which means revival or rebirth of Latin & Greek literature
cultural rebirth in 14th–17th century Europe, starting from Italy, reviving classical art, learning and
humanism, shifting from Middle Ages to modern era.
1350-1500 was a time of new art, ideas, literature and values.
These ideas began church reform and made many Europeans leave the Catholic Church.
it was an attack against the medieval system and a pointer to the modern age
It started in Florence and Venice in Italy and then spread across Europe.
It was a time to think freely, doubt openly and speak boldly.
Thinkers wanted freedom from strict scriptural rules.
Ancient learning was seen as more real than medieval beliefs.
It was coined by Jacob Burckhardt
5. Why renaissance
Crusades: holy war between Arabs and Christians for 200 years spread ideas and caused many deaths.
plight of intellectual to Italy: Intellectuals moved to Italy after the 1453 conquest of Constantinople by
Ottoman Turks.
Man’s curiosity for learning grew through speech and discovery.
Great universities like Paris, Padua, Naples, Vienna, Cambridge and Oxford existed.
invention of printing machine(1451): caused a revolution so many books were printed & messages spread.
People searched for real and valuable knowledge.
Great Greek and Latin works were studied.
6. Why in Italy
Italian cities became rich from trade like Venice and Genoa.
They were trading centres sending goods to northern Europe.
They were independent city-states ruled as republics by wealthy merchants.
They were influenced by powerful families like the Medici.
The Medicis were strong bankers from Florence.
These families supported artists and scholars.
Free & fair environment: Italy had a free and open climate that encouraged new ideas and creativity.
7. Heralds of Renaissance
I. Peter Abelard
He is the father of scholasticism.
He taught that one should believe only what makes sense to the mind, not just because God said it.
He wrote a book- Yes or No exposing many church blunders.
II. Roger Bacon
In writings to the pope he showed the foolishness of trusting superstitions.
He predicted a future where ships sailing without oars, humans flying, and vehicles running without
horses.
He supported freedom of thought in his book Opus Majus.
III. Alighieri Dante
He was the first to write in languages other than Greek and Latin like Italian.
He wrote The Divine Comedy carrying a message for a new time.
It was written in the Tuscan Italian language.
His story described a journey to hell and heaven.
He showed the mental unrest of the age.
IV. Petrarch
He valued knowledge and wanted to study Greek and Latin works.
He wrote sonnets.
, He wrote with a humanistic spirit.
He is called the father of humanism.
V. Boccaccio: He wrote notable books like The Decameron.
VI. Thomas more wrote the book ‘utopia’
VII. Erasmus
His aim was to create new thinking through jest, satire and criticism.
In 1509 he wrote The Praise of Folly.
Jestfully he pointed out ignorance was a bliss because fools enjoy peace because ignorance makes them
believe everything.
Ignorance makes them live in a fool’s paradise.
He said ignorance rules the world and the church is its centre where sins can be pardoned by priests.
He said such foolishness brings happiness so folly becomes a virtue.
His jokes harmed the pope more than Luther’s anger.
His writing created bitterness against the church.
He laid the egg and Luther hatched it.
zestfully, he attacked existing practices.
VIII. Niccolò Machiavelli
He was a 15th–16th century Italian diplomat, author and philosopher called the father of modern political
science and he wrote about human nature in chapter 15 of The Prince in 1513.
Machiavelli in The Prince (1513) wrote that men, especially princes, show qualities—generous or miserly,
cruel or compassionate, faithful or faithless, courageous or effeminate, proud or courteous, pure or
lascivious, crafty or guileless, flexible or stubborn, frivolous or grave, sceptical or religious
He believed that all men are bad, desires insatiable, self-interest the main motive
8. What’s humanism
a Renaissance cultural movement that rejected medieval ideas & renewed interest in Greek & Roman
learning.
It was a way of thinking focused on humans over divine and not on God or the supernatural.
The word comes from the Latin humanitas meaning kindness towards humans.
Humanism comes from ‘studia humanitatis’, means study of grammar, poetry & moral philosophy.
Humanitas means full development of human virtue
Humanities means the study of humans in all their forms.
Humanism mainly focus on humitas ideals
It emphasize realism & objective analysis
The term included kindness, compassion, mercy, strength, wisdom, clear thinking and honour.
Humanists applied many beliefs and methods that put humans at the centre.
Humanist thinkers believed humans were next to God and angels.
They said humans have a superior brain and can judge right or wrong.
They stressed virtuous action as the aim of learning which was a main idea of humanism.
Famous humanists were Petrarch, Boccaccio, Machiavelli, Dante and Erasmus.
9. Johannes Kepler
Johannes Kepler discovered the 3 laws of planetary motion, which explains that planets orbit the Sun in
elliptical path
The law States that
Planets move faster when closer to the Sun
Crucial evidence for helicopter & model & revolutionised astronomy
Kepler also made a significant contribution to optics
10. Aspirations of women
11. Copernicus of Poland
He wrote the book ‘ de revolutuonibus’ about heliocentric model
Christians believed Earth was sinful, unmoving and in geo-centric model- the earth at centre with others…
revolving around it
around it Heliocentric Model : The heliocentric model was a sun-centred universe.
Copernicus (1473–1543), a contemporary of Luther, changed European science.
Copernicus gave the helio-centric theory which said planets, including Earth, revolve around the Sun.
I. Galileo Galilei.
He created a new thinking in renaissance
He was the first to use a telescope for systematic astronomical observation.
1. Culture: culture is an unique thing or substance found from a specific geographical area over a long time period
2. Introduction: 14th-17th century Europe saw town growth, urban culture rise, townspeople superior to rural, Florence
Venice Rome art learning centres, rich aristocrats patronized artists writers, printing spread books prints, sense of
history modern vs ancient Greek Roman, religion personal choice, church earth-centric solar system science, new
geography ended Europe-centric Mediterranean view
3. History: From the 14th century, Europe preserved books and art; in the 19th century, historians named it the
Renaissance or rebirth, shown by Jacob Burckhardt, student of Ranke, who saw history as cultural; in 1860, his book The
Civilisation of the Renaissance in Italy showed humanist culture valuing individual freedom over church control.
4. What’s Renaissance
It’s a French term which means revival or rebirth of Latin & Greek literature
cultural rebirth in 14th–17th century Europe, starting from Italy, reviving classical art, learning and
humanism, shifting from Middle Ages to modern era.
1350-1500 was a time of new art, ideas, literature and values.
These ideas began church reform and made many Europeans leave the Catholic Church.
it was an attack against the medieval system and a pointer to the modern age
It started in Florence and Venice in Italy and then spread across Europe.
It was a time to think freely, doubt openly and speak boldly.
Thinkers wanted freedom from strict scriptural rules.
Ancient learning was seen as more real than medieval beliefs.
It was coined by Jacob Burckhardt
5. Why renaissance
Crusades: holy war between Arabs and Christians for 200 years spread ideas and caused many deaths.
plight of intellectual to Italy: Intellectuals moved to Italy after the 1453 conquest of Constantinople by
Ottoman Turks.
Man’s curiosity for learning grew through speech and discovery.
Great universities like Paris, Padua, Naples, Vienna, Cambridge and Oxford existed.
invention of printing machine(1451): caused a revolution so many books were printed & messages spread.
People searched for real and valuable knowledge.
Great Greek and Latin works were studied.
6. Why in Italy
Italian cities became rich from trade like Venice and Genoa.
They were trading centres sending goods to northern Europe.
They were independent city-states ruled as republics by wealthy merchants.
They were influenced by powerful families like the Medici.
The Medicis were strong bankers from Florence.
These families supported artists and scholars.
Free & fair environment: Italy had a free and open climate that encouraged new ideas and creativity.
7. Heralds of Renaissance
I. Peter Abelard
He is the father of scholasticism.
He taught that one should believe only what makes sense to the mind, not just because God said it.
He wrote a book- Yes or No exposing many church blunders.
II. Roger Bacon
In writings to the pope he showed the foolishness of trusting superstitions.
He predicted a future where ships sailing without oars, humans flying, and vehicles running without
horses.
He supported freedom of thought in his book Opus Majus.
III. Alighieri Dante
He was the first to write in languages other than Greek and Latin like Italian.
He wrote The Divine Comedy carrying a message for a new time.
It was written in the Tuscan Italian language.
His story described a journey to hell and heaven.
He showed the mental unrest of the age.
IV. Petrarch
He valued knowledge and wanted to study Greek and Latin works.
He wrote sonnets.
, He wrote with a humanistic spirit.
He is called the father of humanism.
V. Boccaccio: He wrote notable books like The Decameron.
VI. Thomas more wrote the book ‘utopia’
VII. Erasmus
His aim was to create new thinking through jest, satire and criticism.
In 1509 he wrote The Praise of Folly.
Jestfully he pointed out ignorance was a bliss because fools enjoy peace because ignorance makes them
believe everything.
Ignorance makes them live in a fool’s paradise.
He said ignorance rules the world and the church is its centre where sins can be pardoned by priests.
He said such foolishness brings happiness so folly becomes a virtue.
His jokes harmed the pope more than Luther’s anger.
His writing created bitterness against the church.
He laid the egg and Luther hatched it.
zestfully, he attacked existing practices.
VIII. Niccolò Machiavelli
He was a 15th–16th century Italian diplomat, author and philosopher called the father of modern political
science and he wrote about human nature in chapter 15 of The Prince in 1513.
Machiavelli in The Prince (1513) wrote that men, especially princes, show qualities—generous or miserly,
cruel or compassionate, faithful or faithless, courageous or effeminate, proud or courteous, pure or
lascivious, crafty or guileless, flexible or stubborn, frivolous or grave, sceptical or religious
He believed that all men are bad, desires insatiable, self-interest the main motive
8. What’s humanism
a Renaissance cultural movement that rejected medieval ideas & renewed interest in Greek & Roman
learning.
It was a way of thinking focused on humans over divine and not on God or the supernatural.
The word comes from the Latin humanitas meaning kindness towards humans.
Humanism comes from ‘studia humanitatis’, means study of grammar, poetry & moral philosophy.
Humanitas means full development of human virtue
Humanities means the study of humans in all their forms.
Humanism mainly focus on humitas ideals
It emphasize realism & objective analysis
The term included kindness, compassion, mercy, strength, wisdom, clear thinking and honour.
Humanists applied many beliefs and methods that put humans at the centre.
Humanist thinkers believed humans were next to God and angels.
They said humans have a superior brain and can judge right or wrong.
They stressed virtuous action as the aim of learning which was a main idea of humanism.
Famous humanists were Petrarch, Boccaccio, Machiavelli, Dante and Erasmus.
9. Johannes Kepler
Johannes Kepler discovered the 3 laws of planetary motion, which explains that planets orbit the Sun in
elliptical path
The law States that
Planets move faster when closer to the Sun
Crucial evidence for helicopter & model & revolutionised astronomy
Kepler also made a significant contribution to optics
10. Aspirations of women
11. Copernicus of Poland
He wrote the book ‘ de revolutuonibus’ about heliocentric model
Christians believed Earth was sinful, unmoving and in geo-centric model- the earth at centre with others…
revolving around it
around it Heliocentric Model : The heliocentric model was a sun-centred universe.
Copernicus (1473–1543), a contemporary of Luther, changed European science.
Copernicus gave the helio-centric theory which said planets, including Earth, revolve around the Sun.
I. Galileo Galilei.
He created a new thinking in renaissance
He was the first to use a telescope for systematic astronomical observation.
