BKAT STUDY GUIDE EXAM 2026/2027 WITH
ACTUAL CORRECT QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED
DETAILED ANSWERS |CURRENTLY TESTING
QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS|ALREADY
GRADED A+|NEWEST |BRAND NEW VERSION!!|
|JUST RELEASED
Vasopressors
Epinepherine, norepinepherine, dopamine, phenylephrine/neosynephrine,
vasopressin/pitressin, milrinone/Primacor, dobutamine/Dobutrex
Indication for dopamine/Intropin
Acts on SNS to increased HR and BP. Indicated for hypotension, low CO, decreased renal
blood flow. Use if patient is bradycardic.
Doses of dopamine
Low: 0.5-2 mcg/kg/min (dopaminergic)
Intermediate: 2-10 mcg/kg/min (beta receptors, increases CO)
High: over 10 mcg/kg/min (alpha receptors, vasoconstrict)
SE of dopamine
Watch volume and starting BP. Use central line. Inactivated by sodium bicarb. Can cause
acidosis. SE: ectopic beats, tachycardia, tissue necrosis d/t extravasation
Treatment of dopamine extravasation
Phentaolmine 5-10 mg and possibly nitropaste to vasodilate
Indication for norepinepherine/Levophed
1|Page
,Indicated for diastolic hypotension (specifically decreased SVR) and septic shock.
Stimulates alpha & beta receptors. Increased contractility, HR, and vasoconstriction.
Doses of norepinepherine
2-12 mcg/min. Immediate onset.
SE of norepinepherine
Replace volume first because it can cause GI and renal hypoperfusion. Have a central line.
SE: dizziness, HA, hyperglycemia, myocardial/mesenteric/renal ischemia, tissue necrosis
with extravasation.
Treatment of norepinepherine, epinepherinem, dobutamine, and Neosynephrine
extravasation
Phentaolmine 5-10 mg.
Indications for epinepherine/Adrenalin
Simulates alpha and beta receptors. Used post cardiac surgery for "stunned" myocardium.
ACLS protocol. Bronchial relaxation at low doses, increased contractility at high doses.
Dosages of epinepherine
2-20 mcg/min. Immediate onset. Irritating to heart, so only good for emergency use.
SE of epinepherine
SE: myocardial/mesenteric/renal ischemia, tachycardia, hyperglycemia, HA, tissues
necrosis with extravasation
SE of phenylephrine/Neosynephrine
2|Page
, Pure alpha stimulator. Used during C/P bypass, anesthesia induced hypotension, vascular
failure in shock. Vasoconstricts arterioles without cardiac effect.
Dosages of Neosynephrine
10-100 mcg/min. Immediate onset.
SE of Neosynepherine
Use central line. Wean this first! SE: Reflex bradycardia, myocardial/mesenteric/renal
ischemia, tissue necrosis with extravasation.
Indications for vasopressin/Pitressin
Antidiuretic hormone used to vasocontric. Endogenous hormone. Vasoconstricts
peripheral arterioles & vasodilates coronary, pulmonary, and CNS circulation. Effective for
hypotension, shock, decreases needs of other pressors, and Cardiac surgery.
Dosages of vasopressin
1-10 units/hr. Long half-life. Not titrated.
SE of vasopressin
SE: Skin/mesenteric ischemia, bradycardia, decrease UOP & result in hyponatremia, use
with caution in neurosurgery patients
Indications for dobutamine/Dobutrex
Beta I stimulator. Used to increase CO for systolic heart failure, cardiogenic shock, MV
regurgitation, post MI, post cardiac surgery, C/P bypass for "stunned" myocardium.
Dosages for dobutamine
2-15 mcg/kg/min.
SE of dobutamine
3|Page
ACTUAL CORRECT QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED
DETAILED ANSWERS |CURRENTLY TESTING
QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS|ALREADY
GRADED A+|NEWEST |BRAND NEW VERSION!!|
|JUST RELEASED
Vasopressors
Epinepherine, norepinepherine, dopamine, phenylephrine/neosynephrine,
vasopressin/pitressin, milrinone/Primacor, dobutamine/Dobutrex
Indication for dopamine/Intropin
Acts on SNS to increased HR and BP. Indicated for hypotension, low CO, decreased renal
blood flow. Use if patient is bradycardic.
Doses of dopamine
Low: 0.5-2 mcg/kg/min (dopaminergic)
Intermediate: 2-10 mcg/kg/min (beta receptors, increases CO)
High: over 10 mcg/kg/min (alpha receptors, vasoconstrict)
SE of dopamine
Watch volume and starting BP. Use central line. Inactivated by sodium bicarb. Can cause
acidosis. SE: ectopic beats, tachycardia, tissue necrosis d/t extravasation
Treatment of dopamine extravasation
Phentaolmine 5-10 mg and possibly nitropaste to vasodilate
Indication for norepinepherine/Levophed
1|Page
,Indicated for diastolic hypotension (specifically decreased SVR) and septic shock.
Stimulates alpha & beta receptors. Increased contractility, HR, and vasoconstriction.
Doses of norepinepherine
2-12 mcg/min. Immediate onset.
SE of norepinepherine
Replace volume first because it can cause GI and renal hypoperfusion. Have a central line.
SE: dizziness, HA, hyperglycemia, myocardial/mesenteric/renal ischemia, tissue necrosis
with extravasation.
Treatment of norepinepherine, epinepherinem, dobutamine, and Neosynephrine
extravasation
Phentaolmine 5-10 mg.
Indications for epinepherine/Adrenalin
Simulates alpha and beta receptors. Used post cardiac surgery for "stunned" myocardium.
ACLS protocol. Bronchial relaxation at low doses, increased contractility at high doses.
Dosages of epinepherine
2-20 mcg/min. Immediate onset. Irritating to heart, so only good for emergency use.
SE of epinepherine
SE: myocardial/mesenteric/renal ischemia, tachycardia, hyperglycemia, HA, tissues
necrosis with extravasation
SE of phenylephrine/Neosynephrine
2|Page
, Pure alpha stimulator. Used during C/P bypass, anesthesia induced hypotension, vascular
failure in shock. Vasoconstricts arterioles without cardiac effect.
Dosages of Neosynephrine
10-100 mcg/min. Immediate onset.
SE of Neosynepherine
Use central line. Wean this first! SE: Reflex bradycardia, myocardial/mesenteric/renal
ischemia, tissue necrosis with extravasation.
Indications for vasopressin/Pitressin
Antidiuretic hormone used to vasocontric. Endogenous hormone. Vasoconstricts
peripheral arterioles & vasodilates coronary, pulmonary, and CNS circulation. Effective for
hypotension, shock, decreases needs of other pressors, and Cardiac surgery.
Dosages of vasopressin
1-10 units/hr. Long half-life. Not titrated.
SE of vasopressin
SE: Skin/mesenteric ischemia, bradycardia, decrease UOP & result in hyponatremia, use
with caution in neurosurgery patients
Indications for dobutamine/Dobutrex
Beta I stimulator. Used to increase CO for systolic heart failure, cardiogenic shock, MV
regurgitation, post MI, post cardiac surgery, C/P bypass for "stunned" myocardium.
Dosages for dobutamine
2-15 mcg/kg/min.
SE of dobutamine
3|Page
