AXLeckie 7
the education publisher
Dae
4
for Scotland
IMAP
|
VOV-LLZ-uM
7
TT
, Digitized by the Internet Archive
in 2023 with funding from
Kahle/Austin Foundation
httos://archive.org/details/highergeographyf000O0will
,X<cLeckie
the education publisher
for Scotland
Higher
GEOGRAPHY
For SQA 2019 and beyond
Course Notes
Fiona Williamson and
Sheena Williamson
, © 2020 Leckie & Leckie Ltd Fig 6.28 Nilfanion / licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-
Share Alike 3.0 Unported license; Fig 6.29 © Jeff J Mitchell/Getty
001/09032020 Images; Fig 6.30 © Aerial Photography Solutions; Fig 6.31 © JeffJ
Mitchell/Getty Images; Fig 6.33 Nk.sheridan / licensed under the
10987654321 Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license; Fig
6.34 Mick Garratt /licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, Share Alike 2.0 Generic license; Fig 6.36 © Geography Photos/
stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any Universal Images Group via Getty Images; Fig 6.37 Lewis Clarke/
means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or licensed for reuse under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike
otherwise, without the prior written permission of the Publisher or a 2.0 license; Fig 6.40 N Chadwick / licensed for reuse under this
licence permitting restricted copying in the United Kingdom issued Creative Commons License; Fig 7.2 © Humphrey Spender/Picture
by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd., 90 Tottenham Court Road, Post/Getty Images; Fig 7.3 © Monty Fresco/Topical Press Agency/Getty
London W1T 4LP. Images; Fig 7.4 © Monty Fresco / Stringer /Getty Images; Fig 7.5 © Jeff
J Mitchell/Getty Images; Fig 7.6 Chris Upson / licensed for reuse under
ISBN 9780008383480 the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 2.0 license; Fig 7.7a
Stephen Sweeney / licensed for reuse under this Creative Commons
Published by Leckie & Leckie Ltd License; Fig 7.7b Leslie-Barrie/licensed for reuse under this Creative
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Nugent/ licensed for reuse under this Creative Commons License; Fig
www.leckiescotland.co.uk 7.12 licensed for reuse under this Creative Commons License; Fig 7.14
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Creative Commons License; Fig 7.35 © Mario Tama/Getty Images; Fig”
A CIP Catalogue record for this book is available from the British 8.2 Shannon/ licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share
Library. Alike 4.0 International, 3.0 Unported, 2.5 Generic, 2.0 Generic and
1.0 Generic license; Fig 8.7 © The Denver Post via Getty Images; Fig
Acknowledgements 8.12 Adbar / licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share|
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Fig 1.25 © JAY DIRECTO/AFP/Getty Images; Fig 1.31 © Mamadou Creative Commons Attribution- Share Alike 3.0 Unported license; Fig)
Toure BEHAN/AFP/Gettylmages; Fig 2.6 © peresanz / Shutterstock. 8.15 Adam Kliczek, http:// zatrzymujeczas.p! (CC-BY-SA-3.0); Fig 8.30 Ff
com; Fig 2.11 © 365_visuals / Shutterstock.com; Fig 2.19 © Sarah Ann © DigitalGlobe via Getty Images; Fig 8.33 Alan D. Wilson / licensed
Loreth / Aurora Photos / Getty Images; Fig 3.2 Till Niermann / licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 2.5 Generic#p
under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license; Fig 8.34 CityPeak / licensed under the Creative Commons)f
license; Fig 3.4 Walter Siegmund / licensed under the Creative Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license; Fig 8.35 Steve/ licensed}
Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license; Fig 3.5 under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 2.0 Generic}
Silence-is-infinite/licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution- license; Fig 8.38 Jim Richardson/National Geographic/Getty Images}:
Share Alike 4.0 International license; Fig 3.9 Silence-is-Infinite / Fig 8.40 © Annie Griffiths Belt/National Geographic/Getty Images; Fig}:
licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 9.13 ChinaFotoPress/Getty Images; Fig 9.14 © NOORULLAH
International license; Fig 3.17 Hannah Calkin / licensed under a SHIRZADA/AFP; Fig 9.15 © Naashon Zalk/Getty Images News; Figia
Creative Commons Attribution Share-Alike 3.0 License; Fig 3.18 Mick 9.16 © Thomas Imo/Photothek / Getty Images; Fig 10.5 © Rolanalle
Knapton / licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution- Share Neveu / Getty Images; Fig 10.9 © SAID KHATIB/AFP/Getty Images; Fig}
Alike 3.0 Unported license; Fig 3.21 Martin Groll / licensed under the 10.20 © BRENDAN SMIALOWSKI/AFP/Getty Images. 4
Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Germany license; Fig 3.22
Boschfoto / licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution- Share All other images © Shutterstock.com or public domain.
Alike 3.0 Unported license; Fig 3.27 Nigel Chadwick / licensed for
reuse under the Creative Commons Attribution- ShareAlike 2.0 license; Text acknowledgements provided on page 254
Fig 3.28 Eric Jones / licensed for reuse under the Creative Commons
Attribution-ShareAlike 2.0 license; Fig 3.35 Cmcqueen / licensed This product uses map data licensed from Ordnance Survey @@
under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported license; Fig Crown copyright and database rights (2014) Ordnance Surveje
3.38 Derek Harper/ licensed for reuse under the Creative Commons (100018598)
— Fig 11.1 and 11.7 ]
Attribution-ShareAlike 2.0 license; Fig 3.44 © LFM Visuals /
Shutterstock.com; Fig 4.13 licensed under the Creative Commons The following exam-style questions were adapted from SQ)
Attribution-ShareAlike 2.5 License; Fig 5.1 Stephen Finn / Shutterstock. questions with permission, Copyright © Scottish Qualificatior|s>:
com; Fig 5.4 © Soe Than WIN/ AFP/Getty Images; Fig 5.8 Michal Authority: Atmosphere questions 2 and 3; Hydrosphere questions }j
Szymanski / Shutterstock.com; Fig 5.12 Fabio Lamanna / Shutterstock. and 2; Lithosphere questions 1 and 2; Biosphere question
com; Fig 5.13 thomas koch / Shutterstock.com; Fig 5.16 © A Majeed/ Population questions 1 and 2; Rural questions 1 and 2; Urbal)
AFP/Getty Images; Fig 5.18 © Aref Karimi/AFP/Getty Images; Fig 5.19 question 2; River basin management questions 1 and 2; Developme |
Martin Good / Shutterstock.com; Fig 5.22 © Thingrass / Shutterstock. and health questions 1, 2, 3 and 4.
com; Fig 5.24 © Graham Barclay/Bloomberg via Getty Images; Fig f
5.25 fpolat69 / Shutterstock.com; Fig 6.4 © ABDELHAK SENNA/AFP/ Whilst every effort has been made to trace the copyright holders, »
Gettylmages; Fig 6.7 licensed for reuse under the Creative Commons cases where this has been unsuccessful, or if any have inadverteni/>
Attribution- ShareAlike 2.0 license; Fig 6.10 Hoang Cong Thanh / been overlooked, the Publishers would gladly receive a>
Shutterstock. com; Fig 6.11 © DeAgostini/Getty Images; Fig 6.15 information enabling them to rectify any error or omission at the fi.
licensed for reuse under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike opportunity.
2.0 license; Fig 6.16 © LEO RAMIREZ/AFP/Gettylmages; Fig 6.19 ©
Chris Jackson/Getty Images; Fig 6.21 Joseph Sohm / Shutterstock.com;
|
it |
the education publisher
Dae
4
for Scotland
IMAP
|
VOV-LLZ-uM
7
TT
, Digitized by the Internet Archive
in 2023 with funding from
Kahle/Austin Foundation
httos://archive.org/details/highergeographyf000O0will
,X<cLeckie
the education publisher
for Scotland
Higher
GEOGRAPHY
For SQA 2019 and beyond
Course Notes
Fiona Williamson and
Sheena Williamson
, © 2020 Leckie & Leckie Ltd Fig 6.28 Nilfanion / licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-
Share Alike 3.0 Unported license; Fig 6.29 © Jeff J Mitchell/Getty
001/09032020 Images; Fig 6.30 © Aerial Photography Solutions; Fig 6.31 © JeffJ
Mitchell/Getty Images; Fig 6.33 Nk.sheridan / licensed under the
10987654321 Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license; Fig
6.34 Mick Garratt /licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, Share Alike 2.0 Generic license; Fig 6.36 © Geography Photos/
stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any Universal Images Group via Getty Images; Fig 6.37 Lewis Clarke/
means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or licensed for reuse under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike
otherwise, without the prior written permission of the Publisher or a 2.0 license; Fig 6.40 N Chadwick / licensed for reuse under this
licence permitting restricted copying in the United Kingdom issued Creative Commons License; Fig 7.2 © Humphrey Spender/Picture
by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd., 90 Tottenham Court Road, Post/Getty Images; Fig 7.3 © Monty Fresco/Topical Press Agency/Getty
London W1T 4LP. Images; Fig 7.4 © Monty Fresco / Stringer /Getty Images; Fig 7.5 © Jeff
J Mitchell/Getty Images; Fig 7.6 Chris Upson / licensed for reuse under
ISBN 9780008383480 the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 2.0 license; Fig 7.7a
Stephen Sweeney / licensed for reuse under this Creative Commons
Published by Leckie & Leckie Ltd License; Fig 7.7b Leslie-Barrie/licensed for reuse under this Creative
An imprint of HarperCollins Publishers Commons License; Fig 7.8 C-L-T-Smith and Gordon-Dowie/ licensed
Westerhill Road, Bishopbriggs, Glasgow, G64 2QT for reuse under this Creative Commons License; Fig 7.9 © Bob Thomas/
T: 0844 576 8126 F: 0844 576 8131 Getty Images; Fig 7.10 © Jeff JMitchell/Getty Images; Fig 7.11 Thomas
Nugent/ licensed for reuse under this Creative Commons License; Fig
www.leckiescotland.co.uk 7.12 licensed for reuse under this Creative Commons License; Fig 7.14
© London Stereoscopic Company/Getty Images; Fig 7.16 licensed for
Publisher: Sarah Mitchell reuse under this Creative Commons License; Fig 7.17 Cornfield / |
Project manager: Fiona Watson and Gillian Bowman Shutterstock.com; Fig 7.18 edward-mcmaihin / licensed for reuse
under this Creative Commons License; Fig 7.22 licensed for reuse
Special thanks to under this Creative Commons License; Fig 7.24 licensed for reuse
Louise Robb (proofread) under this Creative Commons License; Fig 7.28 licensed for reuse
Jouve (layout and illustration) under this Creative Commons License; Fig 7.30 © dpa picture alliance
/ Alamy; Fig 7.31 Celso Pupo / Shutterstock.com; Fig 7.32
T photography / Shutterstock.com; Fig 7.33 licensed for reuse under
Printed in Italy by GRAFICA VENETA S.p.A. this Creative Commons License; Fig 7.34 licensed for reuse under this|
Creative Commons License; Fig 7.35 © Mario Tama/Getty Images; Fig”
A CIP Catalogue record for this book is available from the British 8.2 Shannon/ licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share
Library. Alike 4.0 International, 3.0 Unported, 2.5 Generic, 2.0 Generic and
1.0 Generic license; Fig 8.7 © The Denver Post via Getty Images; Fig
Acknowledgements 8.12 Adbar / licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share|
Alike 3.0 Unported license; Fig 8.13 Adbar / licensed under the
Fig 1.25 © JAY DIRECTO/AFP/Getty Images; Fig 1.31 © Mamadou Creative Commons Attribution- Share Alike 3.0 Unported license; Fig)
Toure BEHAN/AFP/Gettylmages; Fig 2.6 © peresanz / Shutterstock. 8.15 Adam Kliczek, http:// zatrzymujeczas.p! (CC-BY-SA-3.0); Fig 8.30 Ff
com; Fig 2.11 © 365_visuals / Shutterstock.com; Fig 2.19 © Sarah Ann © DigitalGlobe via Getty Images; Fig 8.33 Alan D. Wilson / licensed
Loreth / Aurora Photos / Getty Images; Fig 3.2 Till Niermann / licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 2.5 Generic#p
under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license; Fig 8.34 CityPeak / licensed under the Creative Commons)f
license; Fig 3.4 Walter Siegmund / licensed under the Creative Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license; Fig 8.35 Steve/ licensed}
Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license; Fig 3.5 under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 2.0 Generic}
Silence-is-infinite/licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution- license; Fig 8.38 Jim Richardson/National Geographic/Getty Images}:
Share Alike 4.0 International license; Fig 3.9 Silence-is-Infinite / Fig 8.40 © Annie Griffiths Belt/National Geographic/Getty Images; Fig}:
licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 9.13 ChinaFotoPress/Getty Images; Fig 9.14 © NOORULLAH
International license; Fig 3.17 Hannah Calkin / licensed under a SHIRZADA/AFP; Fig 9.15 © Naashon Zalk/Getty Images News; Figia
Creative Commons Attribution Share-Alike 3.0 License; Fig 3.18 Mick 9.16 © Thomas Imo/Photothek / Getty Images; Fig 10.5 © Rolanalle
Knapton / licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution- Share Neveu / Getty Images; Fig 10.9 © SAID KHATIB/AFP/Getty Images; Fig}
Alike 3.0 Unported license; Fig 3.21 Martin Groll / licensed under the 10.20 © BRENDAN SMIALOWSKI/AFP/Getty Images. 4
Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Germany license; Fig 3.22
Boschfoto / licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution- Share All other images © Shutterstock.com or public domain.
Alike 3.0 Unported license; Fig 3.27 Nigel Chadwick / licensed for
reuse under the Creative Commons Attribution- ShareAlike 2.0 license; Text acknowledgements provided on page 254
Fig 3.28 Eric Jones / licensed for reuse under the Creative Commons
Attribution-ShareAlike 2.0 license; Fig 3.35 Cmcqueen / licensed This product uses map data licensed from Ordnance Survey @@
under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported license; Fig Crown copyright and database rights (2014) Ordnance Surveje
3.38 Derek Harper/ licensed for reuse under the Creative Commons (100018598)
— Fig 11.1 and 11.7 ]
Attribution-ShareAlike 2.0 license; Fig 3.44 © LFM Visuals /
Shutterstock.com; Fig 4.13 licensed under the Creative Commons The following exam-style questions were adapted from SQ)
Attribution-ShareAlike 2.5 License; Fig 5.1 Stephen Finn / Shutterstock. questions with permission, Copyright © Scottish Qualificatior|s>:
com; Fig 5.4 © Soe Than WIN/ AFP/Getty Images; Fig 5.8 Michal Authority: Atmosphere questions 2 and 3; Hydrosphere questions }j
Szymanski / Shutterstock.com; Fig 5.12 Fabio Lamanna / Shutterstock. and 2; Lithosphere questions 1 and 2; Biosphere question
com; Fig 5.13 thomas koch / Shutterstock.com; Fig 5.16 © A Majeed/ Population questions 1 and 2; Rural questions 1 and 2; Urbal)
AFP/Getty Images; Fig 5.18 © Aref Karimi/AFP/Getty Images; Fig 5.19 question 2; River basin management questions 1 and 2; Developme |
Martin Good / Shutterstock.com; Fig 5.22 © Thingrass / Shutterstock. and health questions 1, 2, 3 and 4.
com; Fig 5.24 © Graham Barclay/Bloomberg via Getty Images; Fig f
5.25 fpolat69 / Shutterstock.com; Fig 6.4 © ABDELHAK SENNA/AFP/ Whilst every effort has been made to trace the copyright holders, »
Gettylmages; Fig 6.7 licensed for reuse under the Creative Commons cases where this has been unsuccessful, or if any have inadverteni/>
Attribution- ShareAlike 2.0 license; Fig 6.10 Hoang Cong Thanh / been overlooked, the Publishers would gladly receive a>
Shutterstock. com; Fig 6.11 © DeAgostini/Getty Images; Fig 6.15 information enabling them to rectify any error or omission at the fi.
licensed for reuse under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike opportunity.
2.0 license; Fig 6.16 © LEO RAMIREZ/AFP/Gettylmages; Fig 6.19 ©
Chris Jackson/Getty Images; Fig 6.21 Joseph Sohm / Shutterstock.com;
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it |
