BIOD 171 Microbiology Final Newest Version
(2026) Real Questions and Verified Answers
100% Correct (A+)
• MC1R -✓✓Melanocortin-1 receptor, gene that helps determine skin and hair
color
• KIT receptor -✓✓allows melanocytes to be present all over the body
• mutations in KIT receptor -✓✓can cause white patches
• Epistasis -✓✓interaction between alleles in which one allele hides the phenotypic
effects of another allele
• locus -✓✓Location of a gene on a chromosome
• TYRP1 -✓✓tyrosinase-related protein 1
• When crossing 2 genes, will be have 4 distinct possible genotypes? -✓✓Yes if it
is AaBb, no if it is AAbb or aaBB.
• Mendel's Law of Segregation -✓✓the two alleles of a gene found on each of a
pair of chromosomes segregate independently of one another into sex cells. only
one allele per gene goes into each gamete.
• Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment -✓✓the inheritance of one character
has no effect on the inheritance of another. the alleles of different genes assort
independently of one another.
• autosomal recessive -✓✓two copies of an abnormal gene must be present in order
for the disease or trait to develop, can skip generations, affects males and female
equally
• autosomal dominant -✓✓only need one copy of the allele to show the trait, do not
skip generations, affects males and females equally
, • X linked recessive -✓✓males are affected more often than females, only females
can be carriers, can skip generations
• X linked dominant -✓✓only need one affected X to pass on the trait, affected
dads will pass it on to 100% of their daughters and 0% of their sons, since dads
give the Y which determines the Childs sex. affected females will pass it on to
about 50% of offspring (male and female)
• Y-linked traits -✓✓only affect males, and affect all sons of an affected male, not
common
• x deactivation -✓✓Equalizes gene expression between XX+XY, one X is turned
off in each XX embryo at the 500-1800 cell stage, 50% of the paternal and 50% of
the maternal x-chromosomes are silent and that causes patterns in calicos
• incomplete dominance -✓✓A pattern of inheritance in which two alleles,
inherited from the parents, are neither dominant nor recessive. The resulting
offspring have a phenotype that is a blending of the parental traits. (think about the
red and white flowers creating a pink flower)
• Codominance -✓✓A condition in which both alleles for a gene are fully
expressed (blood types)
• glycosyltranferase -✓✓catalyze the transfer of glycosyl from a donor molecule to
an acceptor molecule
• i -✓✓does not add A or B sugar to blood
• circles represent -✓✓females
• squares represent -✓✓males
• half filled circle/square -✓✓carrier of trait
• filled in circle/square -✓✓shows a person has a disease on a pedigree
• sex determination in mammals -✓✓-Presence of Y chromosome
-Heterogametic male (XY), homogametic female (XX)
(2026) Real Questions and Verified Answers
100% Correct (A+)
• MC1R -✓✓Melanocortin-1 receptor, gene that helps determine skin and hair
color
• KIT receptor -✓✓allows melanocytes to be present all over the body
• mutations in KIT receptor -✓✓can cause white patches
• Epistasis -✓✓interaction between alleles in which one allele hides the phenotypic
effects of another allele
• locus -✓✓Location of a gene on a chromosome
• TYRP1 -✓✓tyrosinase-related protein 1
• When crossing 2 genes, will be have 4 distinct possible genotypes? -✓✓Yes if it
is AaBb, no if it is AAbb or aaBB.
• Mendel's Law of Segregation -✓✓the two alleles of a gene found on each of a
pair of chromosomes segregate independently of one another into sex cells. only
one allele per gene goes into each gamete.
• Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment -✓✓the inheritance of one character
has no effect on the inheritance of another. the alleles of different genes assort
independently of one another.
• autosomal recessive -✓✓two copies of an abnormal gene must be present in order
for the disease or trait to develop, can skip generations, affects males and female
equally
• autosomal dominant -✓✓only need one copy of the allele to show the trait, do not
skip generations, affects males and females equally
, • X linked recessive -✓✓males are affected more often than females, only females
can be carriers, can skip generations
• X linked dominant -✓✓only need one affected X to pass on the trait, affected
dads will pass it on to 100% of their daughters and 0% of their sons, since dads
give the Y which determines the Childs sex. affected females will pass it on to
about 50% of offspring (male and female)
• Y-linked traits -✓✓only affect males, and affect all sons of an affected male, not
common
• x deactivation -✓✓Equalizes gene expression between XX+XY, one X is turned
off in each XX embryo at the 500-1800 cell stage, 50% of the paternal and 50% of
the maternal x-chromosomes are silent and that causes patterns in calicos
• incomplete dominance -✓✓A pattern of inheritance in which two alleles,
inherited from the parents, are neither dominant nor recessive. The resulting
offspring have a phenotype that is a blending of the parental traits. (think about the
red and white flowers creating a pink flower)
• Codominance -✓✓A condition in which both alleles for a gene are fully
expressed (blood types)
• glycosyltranferase -✓✓catalyze the transfer of glycosyl from a donor molecule to
an acceptor molecule
• i -✓✓does not add A or B sugar to blood
• circles represent -✓✓females
• squares represent -✓✓males
• half filled circle/square -✓✓carrier of trait
• filled in circle/square -✓✓shows a person has a disease on a pedigree
• sex determination in mammals -✓✓-Presence of Y chromosome
-Heterogametic male (XY), homogametic female (XX)
