510 Exam 1 Questions With 100% Verified Correct Answers

systematic inquiry - Correct Answers-Formulate a question to answer -Define a process for obtaining information -Complete predetermined set of procedures in a regular, orderly way to obtain information to answer your question definition of systematic - Correct Answers valuable and reliable answer what does the scientific method relate to: - Correct Answers-Identify and further define a problem -Develop -Hypothesis/Hypotheses or questions -Plan a set of procedures -Collect relevant data -Analyze the data -Make a decision about the hypothesis/ hypotheses roles for research - Correct Answers-Satisfy scientific curiosity -Answer important clinical questions -Evaluate clinical service programs -Document the need for program support -Influence public policy -Engage in evidence-based practice key elements of EBP - Correct AnswersMake informed clinical decisions based on: 1. Knowledge of client & our experience 2. Based on client- is it appropriate? (cultural background, family, etc.) 3. Use available research! What does the research say? empirical research - Correct Answerscollecting NEW information or data; never been collected before nonempirical research - Correct Answersusing existing information for your research (using a retrospective chart = existing data you are just finding and using it) qualitative research - Correct Answers-Collect and analyze data of a verbal nature -Recorded speech, direct quotes, detailed descriptions and so forth -Verbal information quantitative research - Correct Answers-Collect and analyze data of a numerical nature -Frequency counts, measures of physical properties, scores on formal or informal tests, and so forth -Numerical data experimental research - Correct Answers-manipulating something (one or more factors) -Experiment comprehension through a noisy room vs. quiet room (treatment A & B) -Divided into TWO things non-experimental research - Correct Answersstudying existing characteristics (nothing new) true experimental research - Correct Answers-Manipulate one or more factors to create different conditions or experiences -Use random assignment of participants to groups quasi-experimental research - Correct Answers-Manipulate one or more factors to create different conditions or experiences -Use existing groups of participants without random assignment non-experimental examples - Correct Answers-Case-control studies -Survey research -Case study -Field study -Correlational research -Longitudinal, developmental research independent variable - Correct Answers*variable that is changed or controlled to test effects on dependent variable -what you are measuring; the outcome (speech intelligibility) -Manipulated by the experimenter -Designated by the experimenter dependent variable - Correct Answers*the variable being tested and measured -what you are manipulating (controlled by experimenter) -Measured by the experimenter include these elements in a paraphrase: - Correct Answers-Reference for the information -Statement of research question or hypothesis (Last sentence of the intro) Description of observational procedures, including a description of participants -Summary of observations (results) -Tentative answer to question or decision 3 basic principles of Belmont Report of 1979 - Correct Answers-Respect of persons -Beneficence -Justice Tenets of the common rule: - Correct AnswersFederal policy for the protection of human subjects Tenets of the common rule - Correct Answers-Volunteer to participate -No psychological or physical harm -Be given enough information on the study to decide whether or not to participate -ID info should be confidential -Have the right to drop out with no consequences respect of persons - Correct AnswersRecognize potential participants' ability to make their own decisions beneficence - Correct Answers-protect the wellbeing of the persons who participate in research -potential benefits justify the risks of harm -ensuring that risks are reasonable in relationship to anticipated benefits justice - Correct Answers-Make equitable decisions regarding who is invited to participate in research -The moral requirement that there be fair outcomes in the selection of research subjects, expresses the principle of: informed consent - Correct Answers-To make an informed decision, participants need to know: -What is the purpose of the study -What will happen in the study -What the potential benefits and risks might be -State that they can discontinue at any time w/o negative effects what should researcher provide to human subjects? - Correct Answers-safeguard the privacy of personal information -maintain confidentiality and security of records special protections for those that are most vulnerable - Correct AnswersIndividuals that are not competent to make a decision -Children (minimal risk) -Special needs -Prisoners -Long term care -Circumstances they have might heighten their risk of harm -Pregnant Tuskegee syphilis study information - Correct Answers- due to public finding out what was happening -US public heath service Effects of untreated syphilis -400 African American men and 200 without, lived in poverty -Enticed to participate - free medical checkups Never told the truth about their disease - "you have bad blood" and never told about an available treatment -Not given enough info to make an informed choice, given a reward, not maximizing benefit, using poor population, race, and gender Willowbrook State School study: s - Correct Answers-Children with developmental disabilities who lived in an institution -Deliberately infected with Hepatitis virus to examine the differences b/w different types of the virus -Parents gave consent but were mislead - "vaccination" -Open up spots in the school if they participated in the study Purpose was to get info on how to control the virus in the institution Tudor study at the University of Iowa: 1939 - Correct Answers-22 subjects, 10 were stutters -Half of the stutters got positive comments and have of the normal speech got negative comments -Psychological effect on children who received negative comments -It was not accurately described when it was published -Awarded money to people IRB - Correct Answers-Provide institutional oversight of research -Evaluate proposed studies before data collection begins considering the principles of: ` -Consider risks/benefits of proposed research types of ethical issues - Correct Answers-Research Integrity -Conflicts of interest -Credit for Intellectual effort -Attribution of ideas -Citations -Quotations -Accuracy in reporting -Confidentiality and privacy research integrity - Correct Answers-Relates to responsible conduct of research -Encompasses several topics: protection of non-human animals, conflicts of interest, care in data acquisition and handling, relationships with mentors/mentees and collaborators and accuracy and honesty in publishing findings conflicts of interest - Correct Answers-Occur when persons perform more than one role with differing responsibilities -Exemplified by financial vs. clinical service considerations, researcher vs. classroom instructor roles credit for intellectual effort - Correct Answers-Relates to recognition for your role in a research project -Demonstrated when you receive appropriate recognition as an author or contributor attribution of ideas - Correct Answers-Relates to the need to indicate when you are citing or quoting information from another author -Include a citation whenever you use another person's ideas, even when paraphrasing -Use quotations whenever you use another person's actual words accuracy in reporting - Correct Answers-Relates to knowingly misrepresenting data or other facts about your research: scientific misconduct -Inadvertently reporting inaccurate data or other facts is not necessarily research misconduct confidently and privacy - Correct Answers-Relates to handling research data and documents in a secure way -Using identification codes -Keep documents in a secure location -Obtain participant consent if you plan to share the data -Can be ID by image or voice -Protect the identity of participants and their information Personal Health Information - Correct Answers-Relates to the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) -Defines the content of protected information -Specifies how this information should be secured -Covers personal health information but impacts research when investigators are using health information or working with an agency that collects health information -Sometimes referred to as the "Privacy Rule" identifying important questions: empirical research - Correct Answers... identifying a problem area - Correct AnswersCan come from a strong personal interest, clinical experience, etc. Do you have a population you are able to study? How much time do you have? Do you have a mentor? What equipment is available? asking a relevant question - Correct Answers-Suggestion from a respected author -Applying research from another discipline -Improvements to an existing study ways to improve and existing study - Correct Answers-New population -Different outcome measures -New instrumentation -Social validity - what is the functional impact, can we do it with another environment -Modify stimuli and/or eliciting procedures - use different equipment -Change setting finding a practical topic - Correct Answers-Sufficient time -Access to participants -Required skills -Either your own or skills of other personnel -Required equipment -Knowledgeable mentor well formed empirical research questions make the following clear: - Correct Answers-Experimental or nonexperimental study -Independent variable(s) -Dependent variable(s) Participants ways to formulate research problems - Correct Answers-Hypotheses -Research questions -Statement of purpose -Conditional statement hypotheses format - Correct Answers-Null hypothesis or H0 -Stated in the negative research hypothesis of H1 - Correct Answers-Prediction of outcome of study -Directional or nondirectional -Nondirectional Example: doesn't say how yes/no question example - Correct AnswersAre the CV ratios for 24-month-old children with expressive language delay who participated in an 8-week intervention program significantly greater than those of 24-month-old children with expressive language delay who received no intervention? wh-question example - Correct AnswersWhat are the differences in CV ratios for 24-month-old children with expressive language delay who participated in an 8-week intervention program and 24-month-old children with expressive language delay who received no intervention? purpose example - Correct AnswersThe purpose of this study was to determine if an 8-week intervention program for children with expressive language delay was effective. The CV ratios for 24-month-old children with expressive language delay who received intervention were compared to the CV ratios of 24-month-old children with expressive language delay who received no intervention. conditional: if/then statement - Correct Answers*This is when you are looking for a theory If an 8-week intervention program was effective in treating 24-month-old children with expressive language delay, then the CV ratios of the children who received intervention will be significantly higher after 8 weeks than the CV ratios of children with expressive language delay who received no intervention. EBP - Correct Answers-Broader or narrower question -Disorder specific question -Intervention specific question -Client specific question well formed EBP questions include: - Correct AnswersPatient/Population Intervention Comparison Outcome(s) client-specific EBP question - Correct Answers-An answerable client-specific question Includes client information (disorder, age severity) -May include specific treatment factors (approach, amount of time, desired improvement) well formed questions: empirical research - Correct AnswersFinal version of question follows literature search evidence based practice question - Correct AnswersWell formulated question is starting point for literature search well formed questions include: - Correct Answers-Operational definition -Of independent and dependent variables degree of specificity - Correct AnswersHow much do persons with aphasia who receive speech and language therapy improve between one month and one year following their stroke? How many points do persons with Broca's aphasia who participated in semantic feature analysis treatment gain between one month and one year following their stroke as measured by the Western Aphasia Battery-Revised? Degree of specificity - Correct Answers-Are home assignments helpful for correcting phonological errors? -Is an auditory bombardment list, read three times per week at home during the first 6 months of treatment, helpful for correcting final consonant deletion and fronting errors in 4-5 year old children with phonological disorders? well formed research questions include: - Correct Answersoutcome measures that are valid and reliable ways to establish validity - Correct Answers-Judgmental (face, content) -Empirical/Criterion (concurrent, predictive) -Judgmental-Empirical (construct) judgmental: face - Correct Answers judgmental: content - Correct Answers empirical/criterion: concurrent - Correct Answers empirical/criterion: predictive - Correct Answersalso based on comparisons between two different measures -Predicting something in the future -Did it predict what it says it would predict? -Administered immediately (predictor) and one in the future then re-eval validity coefficient - Correct Answers-one way to demonstrate criterion validity -Based on a correlation coefficient -Ranges from 0.0 to ±1.0 .75 or greater is considering true validity judgmental-emperical: construct validity - Correct Answers-Designed to test the construct or concepts the test covers -Based on an analysis of the pattern of performance across items -Look for convergence of similar performance that are supposed to be testing the same thing (expressive) -Divergence for items that test different constructs (recptive) ways to establish reliability - Correct AnswersInterobserver reliability Test-retest reliability Parallel-forms reliability Split-half reliability inter observer reliabilty - Correct Answers-two different examiners or observers use the measure to assess the same persons