OPENSTAX MICROBIOLOGY TEST BANK
FINAL PAPER 2026 COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
AND CORRECT ANSWERS GRADED A+
⩥ Ignaz Semmelweis. Answer: was a proponent of the importance of
handwashing to prevent transfer of disease between patients by
physicians
⩥ Characteristics of Prokaryotic cells. Answer: Cytoplasm/Cytoso
Plasma membrane/Cell membrane/Cytoplasmic membrane
Chromosomes
Ribosomes
⩥ Prokaryotic cells. Answer: Lack a membrane bound nucleus
Generally have a single, circular chromosome located in a nucleoid
Generally lack membrane bound organelles
Use inclusions that compartmentalize the cytoplasm and are used for
storage
⩥ Eukaryotic cells. Answer: Have multiple,rod shaped chromosomes
contained in the nucleus
Larger than prokaryotic cells so need to compartmentalize chemical
reactions by using complex, membrane bound organelles
,⩥ common prokaryotic cell shapes. Answer:
⩥ Cell wall. Answer: A cell wall is found in most prokaryotes and some
eukaryotes. It envelopes the cell membrane, protecting the cell from
changes in osmotic pressure
⩥ Osmosis. Answer: The diffusion of water to equalize the concentration
of solutes
⩥ Osmotic pressure. Answer: Differences in the concentration of solutes
on opposite sides of a semipermeable membrane through which water
may pass but solutes (salts, sugars, etc) may not.
⩥ Tonicity. Answer: The degree to which a particular cell is able to
withstand changes in osmotic pressure
⩥ Isotonic medium. Answer: Solute concentrations inside and outside
the cell are equal resulting in no net movement of water across the cell
membrane
⩥ Hypertonic medium. Answer: Solute concentration outside of the cell
exceeds that within the cell resulting in water diffusing OUT of the cell
into the external medium
, ⩥ Crenation. Answer: In the absence of a cell wall the cells become
dehydrated and shrivel
⩥ Plasmolysis. Answer: If a cell wall is present, the plasma membrane
contracts and detaches from the cell wall, decreasing the cell volume but
keeping the cell intact -maintaining shape and integrity for a while
⩥ Hypotonic medium. Answer: Solute concentration inside the cell
exceeds that outside of the cell, resulting in water flowing INTO the cell,
causing the cell to swell and possibly lyseor burst. The presence of a cell
wall allows the cell to avoid lysis for some time
⩥ Tonicity. Answer: the ability of a surrounding solution to cause a cell
to gain or lose water
⩥ Tonicity Effect on Cell wall. Answer: In prokaryotic cells, the cell
wall provides some protection against changes in osmotic pressure,
allowing it to maintain its shape longer. The cell membrane is typically
attached to the cell wall in an isotonic medium (left). In a hypertonic
medium, the cell membrane detaches from the cell wall and contracts
(plasmolysis) as water leaves the cell. In a hypotonic medium (right), the
cell wall prevents the cell membrane from expanding to the point of
bursting, although lysis will eventually occur if too much water is
absorbed.
⩥ Tonicity Effect on cell. Answer:
FINAL PAPER 2026 COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
AND CORRECT ANSWERS GRADED A+
⩥ Ignaz Semmelweis. Answer: was a proponent of the importance of
handwashing to prevent transfer of disease between patients by
physicians
⩥ Characteristics of Prokaryotic cells. Answer: Cytoplasm/Cytoso
Plasma membrane/Cell membrane/Cytoplasmic membrane
Chromosomes
Ribosomes
⩥ Prokaryotic cells. Answer: Lack a membrane bound nucleus
Generally have a single, circular chromosome located in a nucleoid
Generally lack membrane bound organelles
Use inclusions that compartmentalize the cytoplasm and are used for
storage
⩥ Eukaryotic cells. Answer: Have multiple,rod shaped chromosomes
contained in the nucleus
Larger than prokaryotic cells so need to compartmentalize chemical
reactions by using complex, membrane bound organelles
,⩥ common prokaryotic cell shapes. Answer:
⩥ Cell wall. Answer: A cell wall is found in most prokaryotes and some
eukaryotes. It envelopes the cell membrane, protecting the cell from
changes in osmotic pressure
⩥ Osmosis. Answer: The diffusion of water to equalize the concentration
of solutes
⩥ Osmotic pressure. Answer: Differences in the concentration of solutes
on opposite sides of a semipermeable membrane through which water
may pass but solutes (salts, sugars, etc) may not.
⩥ Tonicity. Answer: The degree to which a particular cell is able to
withstand changes in osmotic pressure
⩥ Isotonic medium. Answer: Solute concentrations inside and outside
the cell are equal resulting in no net movement of water across the cell
membrane
⩥ Hypertonic medium. Answer: Solute concentration outside of the cell
exceeds that within the cell resulting in water diffusing OUT of the cell
into the external medium
, ⩥ Crenation. Answer: In the absence of a cell wall the cells become
dehydrated and shrivel
⩥ Plasmolysis. Answer: If a cell wall is present, the plasma membrane
contracts and detaches from the cell wall, decreasing the cell volume but
keeping the cell intact -maintaining shape and integrity for a while
⩥ Hypotonic medium. Answer: Solute concentration inside the cell
exceeds that outside of the cell, resulting in water flowing INTO the cell,
causing the cell to swell and possibly lyseor burst. The presence of a cell
wall allows the cell to avoid lysis for some time
⩥ Tonicity. Answer: the ability of a surrounding solution to cause a cell
to gain or lose water
⩥ Tonicity Effect on Cell wall. Answer: In prokaryotic cells, the cell
wall provides some protection against changes in osmotic pressure,
allowing it to maintain its shape longer. The cell membrane is typically
attached to the cell wall in an isotonic medium (left). In a hypertonic
medium, the cell membrane detaches from the cell wall and contracts
(plasmolysis) as water leaves the cell. In a hypotonic medium (right), the
cell wall prevents the cell membrane from expanding to the point of
bursting, although lysis will eventually occur if too much water is
absorbed.
⩥ Tonicity Effect on cell. Answer:
