APHY 101 ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS WITH WELL DETAILED EXPLANATIONS 2026.
1. Which level of structural organization is composed of two or more tissue types
working together to perform a specific function?
A. Cellular level
B. Organ level
C. Tissue level
D. Chemical level
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: The organ level consists of multiple tissues working together (e.g., the
heart). Cellular and tissue levels are lower levels, while the chemical level involves
atoms and molecules.
2. Which organelle is primarily responsible for ATP production?
A. Nucleus
B. Ribosome
C. Mitochondrion
D. Golgi apparatus
Correct Answer: C
Explanation: Mitochondria generate ATP through cellular respiration. The nucleus
stores DNA, ribosomes synthesize proteins, and the Golgi apparatus modifies
proteins.
3. A patient has damage to the epithelial tissue. Which function is most likely impaired?
A. Contraction
B. Protection
C. Signal transmission
D. Support
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: Epithelial tissue provides protection and lines surfaces. Muscle tissue
contracts, nervous tissue transmits signals, and connective tissue provides support.
4. Which type of membrane protein allows substances to pass through the membrane?
A. Receptor protein
B. Channel protein
C. Glycoprotein
D. Enzyme protein
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: Channel proteins facilitate transport across membranes. Receptors bind
ligands, enzymes catalyze reactions, and glycoproteins aid in recognition.
,5. Which process requires energy to move substances against their concentration
gradient?
A. Diffusion
B. Osmosis
C. Facilitated diffusion
D. Active transport
Correct Answer: D
Explanation: Active transport requires ATP to move substances against a gradient.
Diffusion and osmosis are passive processes.
6. Which phase of mitosis involves alignment of chromosomes at the equator?
A. Prophase
B. Metaphase
C. Anaphase
D. Telophase
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: In metaphase, chromosomes align at the metaphase plate. Other phases
involve preparation, separation, and division.
7. Which type of muscle is involuntary and striated?
A. Skeletal muscle
B. Cardiac muscle
C. Smooth muscle
D. Voluntary muscle
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: Cardiac muscle is involuntary and striated. Skeletal is voluntary, and
smooth is non-striated.
8. Which bone is classified as a long bone?
A. Femur
B. Skull
C. Vertebra
D. Patella
Correct Answer: A
Explanation: The femur is a long bone. Skull bones are flat, vertebrae are irregular,
and patella is a sesamoid bone.
9. A deficiency in calcium would most directly affect which system?
A. Nervous system
B. Skeletal system
, C. Digestive system
D. Respiratory system
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: Calcium is essential for bone structure. While it also affects nerves, the
primary impact is on bones.
10. Which joint type allows the greatest range of motion?
A. Hinge joint
B. Pivot joint
C. Ball-and-socket joint
D. Saddle joint
Correct Answer: C
Explanation: Ball-and-socket joints (e.g., shoulder) allow movement in multiple
planes, unlike other joint types.
11. Which part of the neuron conducts impulses away from the cell body?
A. Dendrite
B. Axon
C. Soma
D. Synapse
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: The axon carries impulses away from the cell body. Dendrites receive
signals.
12. Which neurotransmitter is primarily involved in muscle contraction?
A. Dopamine
B. Serotonin
C. Acetylcholine
D. GABA
Correct Answer: C
Explanation: Acetylcholine triggers muscle contraction at neuromuscular junctions.
13. Which part of the brain controls balance and coordination?
A. Cerebrum
B. Medulla oblongata
C. Cerebellum
D. Hypothalamus
Correct Answer: C
Explanation: The cerebellum coordinates movement and balance. Other parts have
different roles.
, 14. Which hormone regulates blood glucose levels?
A. Thyroxine
B. Insulin
C. Cortisol
D. Estrogen
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: Insulin lowers blood glucose. Other hormones have different primary
functions.
15. A patient with hyperthyroidism would likely exhibit:
A. Weight gain
B. Slow metabolism
C. Increased heart rate
D. Cold intolerance
Correct Answer: C
Explanation: Hyperthyroidism increases metabolism, causing tachycardia and weight
loss.
16. Which blood cells are responsible for oxygen transport?
A. Leukocytes
B. Platelets
C. Erythrocytes
D. Plasma cells
Correct Answer: C
Explanation: Erythrocytes carry oxygen via hemoglobin. Leukocytes fight infection.
17. Which vessel carries oxygenated blood away from the heart?
A. Vein
B. Artery
C. Capillary
D. Venule
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: Arteries carry blood away from the heart, usually oxygenated.
18. Which chamber of the heart pumps blood to the lungs?
A. Left atrium
B. Right atrium
C. Left ventricle
D. Right ventricle
Correct Answer: D
Explanation: The right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs.
ANSWERS WITH WELL DETAILED EXPLANATIONS 2026.
1. Which level of structural organization is composed of two or more tissue types
working together to perform a specific function?
A. Cellular level
B. Organ level
C. Tissue level
D. Chemical level
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: The organ level consists of multiple tissues working together (e.g., the
heart). Cellular and tissue levels are lower levels, while the chemical level involves
atoms and molecules.
2. Which organelle is primarily responsible for ATP production?
A. Nucleus
B. Ribosome
C. Mitochondrion
D. Golgi apparatus
Correct Answer: C
Explanation: Mitochondria generate ATP through cellular respiration. The nucleus
stores DNA, ribosomes synthesize proteins, and the Golgi apparatus modifies
proteins.
3. A patient has damage to the epithelial tissue. Which function is most likely impaired?
A. Contraction
B. Protection
C. Signal transmission
D. Support
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: Epithelial tissue provides protection and lines surfaces. Muscle tissue
contracts, nervous tissue transmits signals, and connective tissue provides support.
4. Which type of membrane protein allows substances to pass through the membrane?
A. Receptor protein
B. Channel protein
C. Glycoprotein
D. Enzyme protein
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: Channel proteins facilitate transport across membranes. Receptors bind
ligands, enzymes catalyze reactions, and glycoproteins aid in recognition.
,5. Which process requires energy to move substances against their concentration
gradient?
A. Diffusion
B. Osmosis
C. Facilitated diffusion
D. Active transport
Correct Answer: D
Explanation: Active transport requires ATP to move substances against a gradient.
Diffusion and osmosis are passive processes.
6. Which phase of mitosis involves alignment of chromosomes at the equator?
A. Prophase
B. Metaphase
C. Anaphase
D. Telophase
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: In metaphase, chromosomes align at the metaphase plate. Other phases
involve preparation, separation, and division.
7. Which type of muscle is involuntary and striated?
A. Skeletal muscle
B. Cardiac muscle
C. Smooth muscle
D. Voluntary muscle
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: Cardiac muscle is involuntary and striated. Skeletal is voluntary, and
smooth is non-striated.
8. Which bone is classified as a long bone?
A. Femur
B. Skull
C. Vertebra
D. Patella
Correct Answer: A
Explanation: The femur is a long bone. Skull bones are flat, vertebrae are irregular,
and patella is a sesamoid bone.
9. A deficiency in calcium would most directly affect which system?
A. Nervous system
B. Skeletal system
, C. Digestive system
D. Respiratory system
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: Calcium is essential for bone structure. While it also affects nerves, the
primary impact is on bones.
10. Which joint type allows the greatest range of motion?
A. Hinge joint
B. Pivot joint
C. Ball-and-socket joint
D. Saddle joint
Correct Answer: C
Explanation: Ball-and-socket joints (e.g., shoulder) allow movement in multiple
planes, unlike other joint types.
11. Which part of the neuron conducts impulses away from the cell body?
A. Dendrite
B. Axon
C. Soma
D. Synapse
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: The axon carries impulses away from the cell body. Dendrites receive
signals.
12. Which neurotransmitter is primarily involved in muscle contraction?
A. Dopamine
B. Serotonin
C. Acetylcholine
D. GABA
Correct Answer: C
Explanation: Acetylcholine triggers muscle contraction at neuromuscular junctions.
13. Which part of the brain controls balance and coordination?
A. Cerebrum
B. Medulla oblongata
C. Cerebellum
D. Hypothalamus
Correct Answer: C
Explanation: The cerebellum coordinates movement and balance. Other parts have
different roles.
, 14. Which hormone regulates blood glucose levels?
A. Thyroxine
B. Insulin
C. Cortisol
D. Estrogen
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: Insulin lowers blood glucose. Other hormones have different primary
functions.
15. A patient with hyperthyroidism would likely exhibit:
A. Weight gain
B. Slow metabolism
C. Increased heart rate
D. Cold intolerance
Correct Answer: C
Explanation: Hyperthyroidism increases metabolism, causing tachycardia and weight
loss.
16. Which blood cells are responsible for oxygen transport?
A. Leukocytes
B. Platelets
C. Erythrocytes
D. Plasma cells
Correct Answer: C
Explanation: Erythrocytes carry oxygen via hemoglobin. Leukocytes fight infection.
17. Which vessel carries oxygenated blood away from the heart?
A. Vein
B. Artery
C. Capillary
D. Venule
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: Arteries carry blood away from the heart, usually oxygenated.
18. Which chamber of the heart pumps blood to the lungs?
A. Left atrium
B. Right atrium
C. Left ventricle
D. Right ventricle
Correct Answer: D
Explanation: The right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs.
