Most important N American grape species - ANSWER Vitis labrusca, Vitis riparia, Vitis ber-
landieri and Vitis rupestris
Four main sections of a grape vine - ANSWER the main shoots, one-year-old wood, per-
manent wood and the roots
What comprises the canopy of a vine? - ANSWER The main shoots and all of their major
structures - stem, buds, leaves, lateral shoots, tendrils and inflorescences/grape bunches
What do the main shoots grow from, and when? - ANSWER The main shoots on the vine
grow in spring from buds retained from the previous year
Where are carbohydrates stored in a vine? - ANSWER Stems, trunks, roots
Define lignify - ANSWER Green shoots become woody and rigid, they are then called
canes
Where do buds form? - ANSWER between the leaf stalk (petiole) and the stem
Define the two types of buds - ANSWER - Compound buds (form in one growing season
and break open the following growing season, producing main shoots; typically a primary,
secondary, and maybe tertiary)
- Prompt buds (form and break open same season, form lateral shoots)
1
,What is the main function of lateral shoots? When are they desirable/undesirable? - AN-
SWER - to allow the plant to carry on growing if the tip of the main shoot has been dam-
aged or eaten
- can provide an additional source of leaves for photosynthesis (useful if the laterals are near
the ends of the main shoots)
- Growth of laterals nearer the base of the main shoot can be undesirable as they impede air
flow and can shade the fruit too much
What is second crop? - ANSWER Lateral shoots often produce inflorescences, which can
be known as a 'second crop'
What is green harvesting? - ANSWER Removal of second crop during summer
Define one-year-old wood - ANSWER the main shoots from the last growing season that
were kept at pruning, supports compound buds; cane or spur
Define permanent wood - ANSWER woody parts of the vine that are older than one year,
including the trunk
where are most roots found? - ANSWER top 50cm of soil
what distinguishes PN clone 115? - ANSWER low Y, small grapes, good for high Q red
wines
what distinguishes PN clone 521? - ANSWER high Y, bigger grapes, good for sparkling
wine production
When is leaf fall and dormancy? - ANSWER Nov-March
When is budburst? - ANSWER March-April
2
,When is shoot and leaf growth? - ANSWER March-July
When is flowering and fruit set? - ANSWER May-June
When is grape development? - ANSWER June-Oct
When is harvest? - ANSWER Sept-Oct
How does the vine support itself during dormancy? - ANSWER starch in the roots, trunk,
and branches
Below what temp can vines be severly damaged? die? - ANSWER -15C, -25C
What factors determine the timing of budburst? - ANSWER - air temp (>10C)
- soil temp (higher encourages earlier budburst)
- variety
- human factors (e.g. winter pruning late -> later budburst)
Why is high continentality good for budburst? - ANSWER marked differences in temp can
result in uniform budburst
Chard, PN, Merlot, Grenache are ______ budding - ANSWER early
SB, Cab, Syrah are ________ budding - ANSWER late (need higher temps)
what determines the vigor of a vine? - ANSWER rate of shoot growth
3
, when does the fastest rate of shoot growth typically occur? - ANSWER between budburst
and flowering
what could cause low carb levels in roots, trunk, and branches? - ANSWER - excessive leaf
removal
- water stress
- mildew
- high crop loads in prev season
what can slow initial shoot growth rates? - ANSWER low carb levels
what supports shoot growth in later stages? - ANSWER photosynthesis
at what point of the vine growing cycle is water stress not desired? - ANSWER late stages
of shoot growth (can affect photosynthesis)
what can stunted shoot growth lead to? - ANSWER - weak shoots
- reduction in leaf number/smaller leaves
- inflorescences that do not flower properly
what can limit bud fruitfulness? - ANSWER - low temp (<25C)
- water stress
- shading
- nutrient deficiency
how long after budburst does flowering typically take place? - ANSWER 8 weeks (temp
dependent)
4
landieri and Vitis rupestris
Four main sections of a grape vine - ANSWER the main shoots, one-year-old wood, per-
manent wood and the roots
What comprises the canopy of a vine? - ANSWER The main shoots and all of their major
structures - stem, buds, leaves, lateral shoots, tendrils and inflorescences/grape bunches
What do the main shoots grow from, and when? - ANSWER The main shoots on the vine
grow in spring from buds retained from the previous year
Where are carbohydrates stored in a vine? - ANSWER Stems, trunks, roots
Define lignify - ANSWER Green shoots become woody and rigid, they are then called
canes
Where do buds form? - ANSWER between the leaf stalk (petiole) and the stem
Define the two types of buds - ANSWER - Compound buds (form in one growing season
and break open the following growing season, producing main shoots; typically a primary,
secondary, and maybe tertiary)
- Prompt buds (form and break open same season, form lateral shoots)
1
,What is the main function of lateral shoots? When are they desirable/undesirable? - AN-
SWER - to allow the plant to carry on growing if the tip of the main shoot has been dam-
aged or eaten
- can provide an additional source of leaves for photosynthesis (useful if the laterals are near
the ends of the main shoots)
- Growth of laterals nearer the base of the main shoot can be undesirable as they impede air
flow and can shade the fruit too much
What is second crop? - ANSWER Lateral shoots often produce inflorescences, which can
be known as a 'second crop'
What is green harvesting? - ANSWER Removal of second crop during summer
Define one-year-old wood - ANSWER the main shoots from the last growing season that
were kept at pruning, supports compound buds; cane or spur
Define permanent wood - ANSWER woody parts of the vine that are older than one year,
including the trunk
where are most roots found? - ANSWER top 50cm of soil
what distinguishes PN clone 115? - ANSWER low Y, small grapes, good for high Q red
wines
what distinguishes PN clone 521? - ANSWER high Y, bigger grapes, good for sparkling
wine production
When is leaf fall and dormancy? - ANSWER Nov-March
When is budburst? - ANSWER March-April
2
,When is shoot and leaf growth? - ANSWER March-July
When is flowering and fruit set? - ANSWER May-June
When is grape development? - ANSWER June-Oct
When is harvest? - ANSWER Sept-Oct
How does the vine support itself during dormancy? - ANSWER starch in the roots, trunk,
and branches
Below what temp can vines be severly damaged? die? - ANSWER -15C, -25C
What factors determine the timing of budburst? - ANSWER - air temp (>10C)
- soil temp (higher encourages earlier budburst)
- variety
- human factors (e.g. winter pruning late -> later budburst)
Why is high continentality good for budburst? - ANSWER marked differences in temp can
result in uniform budburst
Chard, PN, Merlot, Grenache are ______ budding - ANSWER early
SB, Cab, Syrah are ________ budding - ANSWER late (need higher temps)
what determines the vigor of a vine? - ANSWER rate of shoot growth
3
, when does the fastest rate of shoot growth typically occur? - ANSWER between budburst
and flowering
what could cause low carb levels in roots, trunk, and branches? - ANSWER - excessive leaf
removal
- water stress
- mildew
- high crop loads in prev season
what can slow initial shoot growth rates? - ANSWER low carb levels
what supports shoot growth in later stages? - ANSWER photosynthesis
at what point of the vine growing cycle is water stress not desired? - ANSWER late stages
of shoot growth (can affect photosynthesis)
what can stunted shoot growth lead to? - ANSWER - weak shoots
- reduction in leaf number/smaller leaves
- inflorescences that do not flower properly
what can limit bud fruitfulness? - ANSWER - low temp (<25C)
- water stress
- shading
- nutrient deficiency
how long after budburst does flowering typically take place? - ANSWER 8 weeks (temp
dependent)
4
