KNES 510 Exam 1Questions And Answers Pass At First Attempt

six bases of knowledge - Correct Answers Authority tenacity intuition empirical method (inductive approach) rationalistic method (deductive approach) science authority - Correct Answers-Has long been used as a source of knowledge •Sometimes based on authority like who is the go to person (trusted figure) example is politics what they say goes. tenacity - Correct Answers-Beliefs despite lack of supporting evidence -Traditions, superstitions •Tenacity is traditions or superstitions intuition - Correct Answers-Common sense or self-evident •Intuition is like running hard and you know they will get tired but at times this can lead to incorrect conclusions empirical method (inductive approach) - Correct Answers-Based on personal experiences, observations, and gathering of data •Empirical method: inductive approach; based on actual experiences or real observations where you collect data like surveys or jump tests. Based on data or experience •Rationalistic Method (deductive approach) - Correct Answerslogical reasoning •Rationalistic (deductive); logically makes sense-theory driven research science - Correct Answers-A process of careful and systematic inquiry -Follows the scientific method •Science is combining imperial and rationalistic it is systematic •Should be following the scientific method and should be tapping into both approaches •Cant stick strictly to one approach it can be problematic types of inductive reasoning - Correct Answers•Information gained from observation of cases Perfect induction: observation of everyone imperfect induction: observations of a few •Observing actual people or collecting data •Can be broken into two inductive reasoning •Perfect is if you've had observation of everyone (mass surveys to the population to get normative data) •perfect induction is highly unlikely •Imperfect induction is observation of a sample •Trying to get a good blend of both logic of inductive reasoning - Correct Answersmoving from specific to general •Inductive observation of cases or experiences or data that you found or that have been published in research articles •Make hypothesis based on observation •Working bottom up on the chart •Hypothesis leads to general explanation which they leads to a theory •Start with specific observation leading to a theory that is more general deductive reasoning - Correct Answers•Deriving knowledge through reasoning Syllogism: Process of logical reasoning in which conclusions are based on a series of propositions or assumptions If A and B are true...then C must be true A: Reptiles do not have fur B: Crocodiles are reptiles C: Crocodiles don't have fur •Deriving knowledge through logic •Syllogism is the word that sends home the message limitation of deductive reasoning - Correct Answers•Limitation: the premises (assumptions) upon which the conclusions are based upon may not be accurate •Nonetheless, usually first contribution to systematic pursuit of knowledge •Moves from theoretical explanation of events to specific hypotheses that are tested against reality (data) •Heavily relying on assumption to come up with hypothesis •Always will be some sort of theory guiding the study. Will have an overarching idea or framework that is describing the are •Take framework to make hypothesis (this is more for a quantitative rather than qualitative research) logic of deductive reasoning - Correct Answersmoves from general to specific •Start with theory or framework or overarching thing that categories research •Testing hypothesis against reality(the data you collect) •Research typically falls somewhere in between inductive and deductive what is science/research - Correct Answers•Systematic way to finding solutions to a problem or an answer to questions • •Accomplished through both deductive and inductive approaches • •Based on observation and experimentation • •Data driven •Using inductive and deductive approaches to follow scientific method •Science is systematic; an approach that can be clearly followed or replicated by others •Data will be at the end even with historical research scientific method - Correct Answerslecture 1 slide 11 •Follow the flow •Empirical is what has research shown (what are the findings in the area) •What's you have your discussion it usually leads to a new problem or idea •Good ideas can come from the discussion of papers two forms of research - Correct Answersapplied research: solve a practical problem basic research: discover new knowledge and develop theory •University setting is more basic research •Basic research is rigorous where you discover new knowledge and develop theory •Applied research is done in industry or government; there goal is to solve a specific problem •You can also have an optimal combination of applied and basic •Facebook is doing applied research applied research - Correct Answers•More valuable to practitioners •Limited control over research setting (it's real world) •E.g., comparing dance and HIIT classes for weight loss •Applied research is more valuable to practitioners but they usually don't have great design •For the applied example you aren't controlling for what they eat or other exercise or age so the design isn't great its not scientifically done basic research - Correct Answers•Limited direct application •Lacks ecological validity (real world generalizability) •Controlled conditions (e.g., laboratory) •E.g., Reaction time tasks on computer •Basic research could be hard to apply •Ecological validity-he said this is a great term to know •If it lacks ecological validity it may be hard to apply in the real world five types of research - Correct Answers1)Analytical Research 2)Descriptive Research 3)Experimental Research 4)Qualitative Research 5)Mixed Methods Research Creswell & Creswell (2018) say: •Quantitative, qualitative, mixed methods analytical research - Correct AnswersIn-depth study and evaluation of available information -- explain complex phenomena •Historical research (events that have already occurred; e.g., Olympic studies) •Philosophical research (e.g., ethics of doping) •Reviews (critical evaluation of research on a topic) -E.g., Systematic review •Research synthesis (synthesizing research findings) -Commonly done via meta-analysis •Research that use data that is already out there you aren't collecting anything. Wouldn't use t test on this or that type of stats test •For this you are looking for phenomena •Ethical questions •Reviews or research synthesis is another example •Systematic review is a breakdown of affairs for your topic •Research synthesis is collecting all data points like calculating all the effect sizes •Take effect size and calculate one large effect size for all the literature descriptive research - Correct Answers•Describes the status of the study's focus -What is the status of youth PA levels in the US? •Good for identifying patterns, attitudes, and opinions of various groups •Most popular type of research in Kinesiology •describing/identifying a pattern of a group •Could collect or use data already there •Describing the state of affairs •Descriptive is also popular in epidemiology subtypes of descriptive research - Correct Answers•Cannot make inferences about causation •No manipulation of independent variable (IV) •Still allows us to answer important questions • •Many subtypes: -Survey/questionnaire (e.g., 1 to 7 scale) à most prevalent -Normative research (comparative performance standards) -Observational (observing participants in natural setting) -Developmental (growth of humans over time) -Case study (detailed information about a person, group, etc.) -Correlational (relationship between two or more variables) •Cant make inferences or that this causes or effected that •Not manipulating IV just describing data there is no intervention happening experimental research - Correct Answers•Manipulation of treatments (groups) or IV •Cause-and-effect can be established •True experimental research is controlling IV so you can establish cause and effect •If group a gets strong you can say supplement caused strength gains •Some of the best research you can do (gold standard research) qualitative research - Correct Answers•Focuses on the way people interpret and make sense of their experiences and the world in which they live •Analyzing words rather than numbers •Data commonly collected via interviews •Opposite of experimental research. No relationship or cause and effect •Focusing on people experience with some phenomenon like how they reflect on an experience •Interview people and analyze words mixed methods research - Correct Answers•Combining both quantitative and qualitative approaches in one study •Pragmatic approach that can help to better understand a phenomena •Mixed methods is quantitative and qualitative in the same study •Tapping into the strengths of both types of research •Can show if the results of both align or not method vs. methodology - Correct Answers•Often used interchangeably, but terms have different meanings • Method = tool used to collect data (e.g., survey) Methodology = general strategy outlining the way the research will be undertaken -E.g., qualitative approach, longitudinal design •Terms have different meanings •Method is tool used to collect data; tool could be survey, force plate ect. •Methodology is more general; general strategy for how you will do the research; saying you took a qualitative approach is an example it is broad •Method within qualitative is survey •Longitudinal is a methodology and then blood samples different points is method philosophical worldviews - Correct Answers•Also called paradigms or orientations •Represents a philosophical orientation about the world and the nature of research that a researcher brings to a study •Based on orientations within your disciplines, your advisors, and past research experiences •Can guide your preference toward quantitative, qualitative, or mixed methods approaches •If you were an athlete you go into a study with certain assumptions or if you aren't an athlete you still do •Worldview will guide your preference for type of research what are our pilosophical world views formed by - Correct Answers•Philosophical worldviews are informed by our assumptions of reality (ontological assumptions) and knowledge (epistemological assumptions) •Assumptions of reality like what is reality and also have assumptions on knowledge like how do we build knowledge ontology - Correct AnswersDoes a phenomenon/construct exist independently, 'out there', to be measured by a researcher ? OR, is the nature of a phenomenon dependent upon those interpreting it? •Ontology is muscle fatigue: dos muscle fatigue really exist out there or does it depend on the researcher modeling an idea based on their experiences epistemology - Correct AnswersIs knowledge produced independently? OR, is knowledge produced by the researcher and research process? •Epistemology is- is knowledge just out there or is knowledge created •If you do qualitative research and your questions influence the answers it could shape your perspective three philosophical world views - Correct Answers1.Postpositivist 2.Constructivist 3.Pragmatist •Reflecting on your philosophical orientation is often the first step in planning a study! •You can be any three of these •Pragmatist doesn't care for either view •Looking for best solution to problem at time postpositivist - Correct Answers•Rooted in traditional assumptions of research •Aligns primarily with a quantitative approach •Concerned with testing theories and predictions (if theory disproven, a new theory or explanation is needed) •Belief that certain causes (probably) influence outcomes •Think things exist out there in reality •Testing theories and making predictions •If you make someone tired they will probably perform more poorly on a test •You think there is something you can cause; there is a causation relationship in research •This is a quantitative view •Numbers are a good representation of reality is what they think postpositivist views - Correct AnswersCritical realist ontology: Assumes there is one universal reality or "truth" that exists about a phenomenon, but we likely can never fully understand it Modified dualist/objectivism epistemology: Aim is to minimize interactions between researcher and the researched, to produce knowledge that is free of bias and objective •Think phenomenon exist that you can measure but never fully understand •As the researcher you want to minimize the influence on the researched •Just want to try to measure the reality/truth that is out there •If you think something is universal and true you obviously want to try to not influence them •Just kind of let the research do its thing and you as the researcher not really influence or get involved constructivist - Correct Answers•Aligns primarily with a qualitative approach •Focuses on understanding the meanings people create for themselves and attribute to their experiences •In a way, assumes people construct their own reality or "truth" •Reality is interaction or researcher and participants •More of qualitative approach •As the interviewer you can influence how the subject is responding •Think There is no reality out there you (researcher) are trying to tap into how they (subjects) constructed their knowledge •Example is the researcher is constructing what cohesion is in a team setting when interviewing team about cohesion •Combination of researcher and participant both have a say in constructing the knowledge of the topic constructivists views - Correct AnswersRelativist ontology: Assumes no single external reality independent of the individual; reality exists in the form of multiple individual mental constructions about the world, which are shaped through lived experiences Subjectivist/transactional epistemology: Knowledge is created through transactions between the researcher and the participant; researchers cannot separate themselves from previous experiences •Assume no single external reality exist independent of them as the researcher •Reality exists based on how people construct their idea of a thought based on their lived experiences •Example is multiple people in a of muscle fatigue such as a marathon runner or strength trainer •Think knowledge is created through interaction of researcher and participant •Think the researcher can never separate their bias or lived experiences from the study Example postposit