PHC 4101 MIDTERM FSU EXAM QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED SOLUTIONS LATEST UPDATE 2026

PHC 4101 MIDTERM FSU EXAM QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED SOLUTIONS LATEST UPDATE 2026 The Three P's of Public Health - Answers Prevention, Promotion, Population The Iron Triangle of Health Care - Answers Access, Cost, Quality Five Core Disciplines of Public Health - Answers Epidemiology, Biostatistics, Social & Behavioral Sciences, Environmental Sciences, Policy & Health Administration Public Health Over Time - Answers Antiquity - 1830s, Edward Jenner & the first vaccine, The Hygiene Movement - 1840s-1870s, social justice = factor to disease, John Snow (father of epidemiology, ended cholera), Health Promotion/Disease Prevention - 1980s - 2000s, individual responsible for health, Population Health - 2000s, need to address international health issues The Demographic Transition - Answers Phase 1: High fertility rates and high mortality rates = high # of births and high # of deaths (population doesn't change), Phase 2: lifespan increases, but fertility remains high so populations boom!, Phase 3: mortality is reduced and fertility decreases (populations stagnate and begin to drop, tend to skew older) The Epidemiological Transition - Answers Stage 1: mortality is high and so is fertility, so populations do not grow (high # of infectious disease and famine), Stage 2: Populations quickly begin to grow due to medicine advances (deaths by infectious diseases are reduced. Stage 3: mortality continues to decline, people live much longer, death occurs from degenerative disorders, accidents, and chronic diseases Vulnerable Populations - Answers most at risk Determinants of Disease - Answers BIGGEMS: Behavior, Infection, Genetics, Geography, Environment, Medical Care, Socioeconomic Status Population Dynamics - Answers The ever-changing interrelationships among the set of variables that influence the demographic makeup of populations as well as the variables that influence the growth and decline of populations. Contributory Causes - Answers immediate causes of disease Determinants of Disease - Answers "Causes of causes" that ultimately bring disease Intervention - Answers Range of strategies designed to protect health and prevent disease Built Environment - Answers The physical environment built for use by humans Nutritional transition - Answers countries frequently move from poorly balanced diets often deficient in nutrients and calories to a diet of highly processed food including fats, sugars, and salt Social Justice - Answers Put forth the idea that disease emerges as the consequence of social conditions Steps of the Public Health Approach - Answers 1. Problem 2. Etiology: what is/are the contributory causes? 3. Recommendations: what works to reduce the health impacts? 4. Implementation: how can we get the job done? 5. Evaluation: how well does the intervention work in practice? PERIE Process Incidence - Answers measure the chances of developing a disease over a period of time. usually one year. # of new cases of a disease in a year/ # of people in the at-risk population Prevalence - Answers number of individuals who have a disease at a particular time divided by the number of individuals who could potentially have the disease. # of living with a particular disease/ # of people in the at-risk population Case-fatality - Answers the relationship between incidence rates and mortality rates is important because it estimates the chance of dying from the disease once it is diagnosed. ex. mortality rate divided by the incidence rate of lung cancer = 95%, this means lung cancer results in very poor prognosis once it is diagnosed Etiology - Answers cause of a problem by comparing the incidence rates How do epidemiologists successfully identify contributory causes? - Answers 1. if the cause is associated with the effect 2. if the cause precedes the effect 3. if altering the cause alters the effect Confounding Variables - Answers a difference in the groups being compared that makes a difference in the outcome being measured and which is not part of the chain of causation Cohort Study - Answers an investigation that begins by identifying a group that has a factor under investigation and a similar group that does not have the factor. The outcome in each group is then assessed. Case-Control Studies - Answers a study that begins by identifying individuals with a disease and individuals without a disease. Those with and without the disease are identified without knowledge of an individual's exposure or non-exposure to the factors being investigated Randomized Controlled Trials - Answers an investigation in which individuals are assigned to study or control groups using a process of randomization (experimental study) Dose-Response Relationship - Answers a relationship that is present if changes in levels of an exposure are associated in frequency of the outcome in a consistent direction ex. smoking one pack of cigarettes per day over many years increases the chances of developing lung cancer compared to smoking half a pack a day How is public health info compiled to measure the health of a population? - Answers Population health status measures - infant mortality rate, life expectancy, under-5 mortality, etc. Infant Mortality Rate - Answers esteems the rate of death in the first year of life. Life expectancy - Answers snapshot of a population incorporating the probability of dying at each age of life in a particular year. tells us how well a country is doing in terms of deaths in a particular year Health-Adjusted Life Expectancy (HALE) - Answers this measurement starts with life expectancy and then incorporated measurements of the quality of health Disability-Adjusted life year (DALY) - Answers examine the impacts that specific diseases and risk factors have on populations, as well as provide an overall measure of population health status Dread Effect - Answers present with hazards that easily produce very visual feared consequences. why we fear shark attacks more than drowning Unfamiliarity Effect - Answers our degree of familiarity with a potential harm or a potential benefit can greatly influence how we perceive data and translate it for our own situation Uncontrollability Effect - Answers may have a major impact on our perceptions and actions. we often consider hazards that we perceive as in our control as less threatening than ones that we perceive as out of our control Misinformation - Answers " health misinformation is a serious threat to public health, it can cause confusion, show mistrust, harm peoples health, and undermine public health efforts. Have a general understanding of the different public health authorities (federal, state, local level) and what their purpose is - Answers What is the health utility scale? - Answers scale that goes from zero to one, with zero reflecting immediate death and one reflecting full health Social Science - Answers any branch of academic study or science that deals with human behavior in its social and cultural aspects. cultural anthropology, sociology, psychology, political science, economics Behavioral Sciences - Answers any of various disciplines dealing with the subject of human actions, usually including the fields of scoiology Levels of Influence - Answers General - socioeconomic, cultural, environmental Social & Community Networks - interpersonal, institutional/organizational, community Individual Lifestyle Factors - knowledge, attitude, beliefs, personality, traits, age, sex, hereditary factors Components of the Social System - Answers socioeconomic status, culture, religion Socioeconomic Status - Answers measurement using scales reflecting: family income, educational level, professional status, etc. 10 categories of SDOH - Answers food, social status, education, employment, social support/alienation, housing, stress, transportation, place, access to health services Health Belief Model - Answers intrapersonal theory, as it focuses on individual's characteristics, including their perceptions and thought processes prior to taking health-rated action. personal beliefs influence health behavior Social Cognitive Theory - Answers focuses on the interaction between individuals and their social systems. changing behavior requires and understanding of individual characteristics such as knowledge, skills, and beliefs, influences in the social and physical environment, such as peer influence, level of family support, characteristics of the neighborhood, and work and school environments that help or hinder opportunities for health, interaction among all these factors Social Epidemiology - Answers branch of epidemiology that focuses on the effects of social-structural factors on states of health. assumes that the distribution of advantages and disadvantages in a society reflects the distribution of health and disease What's the difference between a law and a policy? - Answers Law focuses on the legislative, executive, and judicial rules and regulations that govern the health care industry. Policy is what governments do, leads society to take collective actions Health in all policies approach - Answers private and public entities work toward common goals to achieve improved health for all while reducing health inequities Market justice vs. Social justice - Answers market justice - market forces should be relied upon to organize the delivery of health care services. Social justice - philosophy that aims to provide fair treatment and a fair share of the reward of society to individuals and age groups What are components of the policy cycle? - Answers Policy Definition/Reformation, Agenda Setting, Policy Establishment, Policy Implementation, Assess Policy, back to 1 What is risk assessment? - Answers a process to identify potential hazards and analyze what could happen if a hazard occurs What is certificate of need law? - Answers legal document required in several states in order to construct acquire, or expand a health care facility or service